Install/tr

Install Funtoo Linux

   {{{title}}}

{{{body}}}

Giriş

Bu belgede, Funtoo Linux'u PC-uyumlu bir sisteme nasıl kurabileceğiniz olabildiğince sade bir biçimde anlatılmaktadır.

Eğer daha önceden Gentoo Linux kurulumu yaptıysanız, bir çok adım tanıdık gelecektir fakat yine de bazı farklılıklar olduğundan okumaya devam etmelisiniz. Eğer daha önceden Gentoo tabanlı bir dağıtım kullanmadıysanız ya da Linux'a yeni geçtiyseniz -- hoş geldiniz! Çünkü, kurulum yönergeleri yeni kullanıcılar için de olabildiğince anlaşılır hale getirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Kuruluma Genel Bakış

Funtoo'nun kurulum süreci genel olarak şu şekildedir:

1. Çalışan CD'yi indir ve sistemi Çalışan CD'den başlat.
2. Disk alanını hazırla.
3. Dosya sistemlerini oluştur ve bağla .
4. Seçmiş olduğun Funtoo stage tarball'ını kur
5. Chroot ile sistemine gir.
6. Portage ağacını indir.
7. Sistem ve ağ ayarlarını düzenle.
8. Kernel kur.
9. Bootloader kur.
10. Son adımları tamamla.
11. Yeniden başlat ve tadını çıkar.

Çalışan CD

Funtoo Linux'u kurabilmek için öncelikle sisteminizi, Linux tabanlı bir çalışan CD veya USB yardımıyla başlatmalısınız. Biz Gentoo tabanlı System Rescue CD adlı dağıtımı birçok araç ve özellik içermesine ek olarak hem 32-bit hem de 64-bit desteğine sahip olmasından dolayı önermekteyiz. CD, DVD ya da USB bellek üzerinden çalıştırılabilir. Buradan indirebilirsiniz:

• osuosl.org adresinden indir
• funtoo.org adresinden indir

Ağ Erişimi

System Rescue CD'sini önyükledikten sonra, internete erişiminizin olduğunu kontrol edin. Funtoo Gnu-Linux'u kurmak için internet erişimi gereklidir:

root # ping www.google.com
PING www.google.com (216.58.217.36) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from den03s10-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.217.36): icmp_seq=1 ttl=57 time=30.1 ms

Ping başarılıysa (yukarıdaki gibi 64 bytes iletileri görürsünüz), o zaman bağlantınız kurulur. Ping'i durdurmak için Control-C'ye basın.

İnternet erişimi için bir WiFi bağlantısı kurmanız gerekiyorsa, System Rescue CD'si grafik ortamını kullanarak yapmalısınız. Bir grafik oturumu başlatmak için startx komutunu çalıştırın:

root # startx

Daha sonra, seçtiğiniz bir kablosuz ağa bağlanmak için NetworkManager uygulamasını (görev oturum çubuğundaki grafik oturumu sağ alt köşesindeki simge) kullanın. Sonra, grafik ortamınızda bir terminal açın ve geri kalan adımları tamamlamak için terminali kullanmanız gerekir.

Uzaktan Yükleme

Alternatif olarak, başka bir bilgisayardan yüklemeyi gerçekleştirmek için ssh ağı üzerinden System Rescue CD'sine giriş yapabilirsiniz ve bu, Funtoo Gnu-Linux'u kurmanın daha kolay bir yolu olabilir.

Yüklemeyi uzaktan tamamlamak istiyorsanız, nasıl yapmanız gerektiği. İlk olarak, System Rescue CD'sinin işlevsel bir ağ bağlantısına sahip olduğundan emin olmalısınız. O zaman, System Rescue CD'si için bir kök parola ayarlamanız gerekecek:

root # passwd
New password: ********
Retype new password: ********
passwd: password updated successfully

Bir kez bir şifre yazdıktan sonra, System Rescue CD'sinin IP adresini belirlemeniz gerekecek ve ardından ona bağlanmak için ssh kullanabilirsiniz.System Rescue CD'si tarafından şu anda kullanılan ip adresini belirlemek için ifconfig komutunu yazın:

root # ifconfig

One of the interfaces should have an IP address (listed as inet addr:) from your LAN. You can then connect remotely, from another system on your LAN, to System Rescue CD, and perform steps from the comfort of an existing OS. On your remote system, type the following, replacing 1.2.3.4 with the IP address of System Rescue CD. Connecting from an existing Linux or MacOS system would look something like this:

(remote system) $ ssh root@1.2.3.4
Password: **********

SSH ile giriş yaptıktan sonra, şimdi System Rescue CD'sine uzaktan bağlısınız ve yükleme adımlarını gerçekleştirebilirsiniz.

Sabit Diski Hazırla

Bu bölümde, Funtoo Gnu-Linux'u bir sabit diskten önyükleme yapmanın farklı yollarını öğreneceğiz. "boot" ile, masaüstünüzdeki, dizüstü bilgisayarınızdaki veya sunucunuzdaki güç düğmesine basmanızın ardından Gnu-Linux'un başlaması sürecini kastediyoruz. "önyükleme" işlemini, bilgisayarınızın donanım yazılımı (yerleşik yazılımı) ile başlayan ve ardından Linux çekirdeğini "bulup" çalıştıran bir süreç olarak düşünebilirsiniz. Daha sonra Linux çekirdeği devralır, tüm donanımınızı tanımlar ve başlar.

Arkaplan

In earlier times, there was only one way to boot a PC-compatible computer. All of our desktops and servers had standard firmware called the "PC BIOS," all our hard drives used Master Boot Records at the beginning of the disk, where the PC BIOS would "look" to find boot loader code which would in turn load Linux, and our hard drives were partitioned into different regions using the standard MBR partition scheme. That was just how it was done. And we liked it that way!

Ardından 2.2 TB'den daha büyük disk bölümlerini tanımlamak için GPT bölüm tablolarıyla birlikte, önyükleme sistemleri için tasarlanmış yeni stil yazılım olan EFI ve UEFI geldi. Aniden Gnu-Linux sistemlerini kurmak ve önyüklemek için çeşitli seçenekler bulduk; bir zamanlar tek yöntemle uyuşan bir yaklaşımı çok daha karmaşık bir işleme dönüştürdük.

Let's take a moment to review the options available to you for configuring a hard drive to boot Funtoo Linux. This Install Guide uses, and recommends, the old-school method of BIOS booting and using an MBR. It works and (except for rare cases) is universally supported. There's nothing wrong with it. If your system disk is 2TB or smaller in size, it won't prevent you from using all of your disk's capacity, either.

But, there are some situations where the old-school method isn't optimal. If you have a system disk >2TB in size, then MBR partitions won't allow you to access all your storage. So that's one reason. Another reason is that there are some so-called "PC" systems out there that don't support BIOS booting anymore, and force you to use UEFI to boot. So, out of compassion for people who fall into this predicament, this Install Guide documents UEFI booting too.

Our recommendation is still to go old-school unless you have reason not to. The boot loader we will be using to load the Linux kernel in this guide is called GRUB, so we call this method the BIOS + GRUB (MBR) method. It's the traditional method of setting up a PC-compatible system to boot Linux.

If you need to use UEFI to boot, we recommend not using the MBR at all for booting, as some systems support this, but others don't. Instead, we recommend using UEFI to boot GRUB, which in turn will load Linux. We refer to this method as the UEFI + GRUB (GPT) method.

And yes, there are even more methods, some of which are documented on the Boot Methods page. We used to recommend a BIOS + GRUB (GPT) method but it is not consistently supported across a wide variety of hardware.

Hangisi kullanılacak?

The big question is -- which boot method should you use? Here's how to tell.

Principle 1 - Old School

If you can reliably boot System Rescue CD and it shows you an initial light blue menu, you are booting the CD using the BIOS, and it's likely that you can thus boot Funtoo Linux using the BIOS. So, go old-school and use BIOS booting, unless you have some reason to use UEFI, such as having a >2.2TB system disk. In that case, see Principle 2, as your system may also support UEFI booting.

Principle 2 - New School

If you can reliably boot System Rescue CD and it shows you an initial black and white menu -- congratulations, your system is configured to support UEFI booting. This means that you are ready to install Funtoo Linux to boot via UEFI. Your system may still support BIOS booting, but just be trying UEFI first. You can poke around in your BIOS boot configuration and play with this.

   Note

Advanced Users May Wonder: What's the Big Difference between Old School and New School?: Here's the deal. If you go with old-school MBR partitions, your /boot partition will be an ext2 filesystem, and you'll use fdisk to create your MBR partitions. If you go with new-school GPT partitions and UEFI booting, your /boot partition will be a vfat filesystem, because this is what UEFI is able to read, and you will use gdisk to create your GPT partitions. And you'll install GRUB a bit differently. That's about all it comes down to, in case you were curious.

To install Funtoo Linux to boot via the New School UEFI method, you must boot System Rescue CD using UEFI. If you successfully boot sysresccd with UEFI, you will see an initial black and white screen to select the mode in which you will boot system rescue cd. Otherwise, if you see a blue screen with black text, UEFI will not be active and you will not be able to set up UEFI booting later in the install process!

   Note

Some motherboards may appear to support UEFI, but don't. Do your research. For example, the Award BIOS in my Gigabyte GA-990FXA-UD7 rev 1.1 has an option to enable UEFI boot for CD/DVD. This is not sufficient for enabling UEFI boot for hard drives and installing Funtoo Linux. UEFI must be supported for both removable media (so you can boot System Rescue CD using UEFI) as well as fixed media (so you can boot your new Funtoo Linux installation.) It turns out that later revisions of this board (rev 3.0) have a new BIOS that fully supports UEFI boot. This may point to a third principle -- know thy hardware.

Eski Yöntem (BIOS/MBR)

   Note

Use this method if you are booting using your BIOS, and if your System Rescue CD initial boot menu was light blue. If you're going to use the new-school method, click here to jump down to UEFI/GPT.

İlk olarak, bölmek için, doğru sabit diskin bulunduğundan emin olmanız, iyi bir fikirdir. Bu komutu deneyin /dev/sda, bölümlemek istediğiniz disk olduğunu doğrulayın:

root # fdisk -l /dev/sda

Disk /dev/sda: 640.1 GB, 640135028736 bytes, 1250263728 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt

root #         Start          End    Size  Type            Name
 1         2048   1250263694  596.2G  Linux filesyste Linux filesystem

Şimdi, diskteki varolan MBR veya GPT bölüm tablolarını silmeniz önerilir; Bu, önyükleme sırasında sistemin BIOS'unu şaşırtabilir. Bunu sfdisk kullanarak üstesinden geliriz: Template:Uyarı

root # sgdisk --zap-all /dev/sda

Creating new GPT entries.
GPT data structures destroyed! You may now partition the disk using fdisk or
other utilities.

Komut başarılı olduğu için bu çıktı endişelenilecek bir şey değildir:

***************************************************************
Found invalid GPT and valid MBR; converting MBR to GPT format
in memory. 
***************************************************************

Şimdi fdisk kullanarak MBR bölüm tablosunu ve bölümlerini oluşturacağız:

root # fdisk /dev/sda

fdisk içinde, bu adımları uygulayın:

Bölümleme tablosunu boşalt:

Command (m for help): o ↵

1. Bölümü Oluştur (boot):

Command (m for help): n ↵
Partition type (default p): ↵
Partition number (1-4, default 1): ↵
First sector: ↵
Last sector: +128M ↵

2. Bölümü Oluştur (swap):

Command (m for help): n ↵
Partition type (default p): ↵
Partition number (2-4, default 2): ↵
First sector: ↵
Last sector: +2G ↵
Command (m for help): t ↵ 
Partition number (1,2, default 2):  ↵
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82 ↵

Root Bölümünü Oluştur:

Command (m for help): n ↵
Partition type (default p): ↵
Partition number (3,4, default 3): ↵
First sector: ↵
Last sector: ↵

Bölümleme tablosunu doğrulayın:

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sda: 298.1 GiB, 320072933376 bytes, 625142448 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x82abc9a6

Device    Boot     Start       End    Blocks  Id System
/dev/sda1           2048    264191    131072  83 Linux
/dev/sda2         264192   4458495   2097152  82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3        4458496 625142447 310341976  83 Linux

Bölümleme tablosunu diske yaz:

Command (m for help): w

Yeni MBR bölümleme tablonuz şimdi sistem diskine yazılacak.

Template:Not bölümüne atlayın.

Yeni Yöntem (UEFI/GPT)

The gdisk commands to create a GPT partition table are as follows. Adapt sizes as necessary, although these defaults will work for most users. Start gdisk:

root # gdisk /dev/sda

gdisk içinde, bu adımları uygulayın:

Boş bir yeni bölüm tablosu oluştur (Bu, kaydedildiğinde diskteki tüm verileri silecektir):

Command: o ↵
This option deletes all partitions and creates a new protective MBR.
Proceed? (Y/N): y ↵

1. Bölümü Oluştur (boot):

Command: n ↵
Partition Number: 1 ↵
First sector: ↵
Last sector: +500M ↵
Hex Code: EF00 ↵

2. Bölümü Oluştur (swap):

Command: n ↵
Partition Number: 2 ↵
First sector: ↵
Last sector: +4G ↵
Hex Code: 8200 ↵

3. Bölümü Oluştur (root):

Command: n ↵
Partition Number: 3 ↵
First sector: ↵
Last sector: ↵ (for rest of disk)
Hex Code: ↵

Yol boyunca, "p" yazıp geçerli bölüm tablosunu görüntülemek için enter tuşuna basabilirsiniz. Bir hata yaparsanız, oluşturduğunuz mevcut bir bölümü silmek için "d" yazabilirsiniz. Bölümlemenizden memnunsanız, yapılandırmanızı diske yazmak için "w" yazın:

Diske Bölümleme Tablosu Yaz:

Command: w ↵
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): Y ↵

Bölümleme tablosu artık diske yazılacak ve gdisk kapanacak.

Now, your GPT/GUID partitions have been created, and will show up as the following block devices under Linux:

• /dev/sda1, /boot dosya sistemini tutmak için kullanılacak

• /dev/sda2, takas alanı için kullanılacak, ve

• /dev/sda3, kök alanı için kullanılacak.

Dosya sistemi Oluştur

Before your newly-created partitions can be used, the block devices that were created in the previous step need to be initialized with filesystem metadata. This process is known as creating a filesystem on the block devices. After filesystems are created on the block devices, they can be mounted and used to store files.

Bunu basit tutalım. Eski yöntem MBR bölümlerini mi kullanıyorsunuz? Öyleyse, /dev/sda1 üzerinde bir ext2 dosya sistemi oluşturalım:

root # mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda1

UEFI için yeni yöntem GPT bölümlerini kullanıyorsanız, /dev/sda1 üzerinde bir vfat dosya sistemi oluşturmak isteyeceksiniz, zira UEFI bunu okuyabilir:

root # mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1

Şimdi, bir takas bölümü oluşturalım. Bu bölüm Funtoo Gnu-Linux sisteminiz için disk tabanlı sanal bellek olarak kullanılacaktır.

Dosyaları depolama amaçlı kullanılmadığı için, takas bölümünüzde bir dosya sistemi oluşturamazsınız. Ancak, mkswap komutunu kullanarak başlatmak gerekir. Ardından, kurulum işleminin geri kalanı boyunca gerekli olması durumunda, yeni başlatılan takas alanını canlı CD ortamında hemen etkin hale getirmek için swapon komutunu çalıştırırız:

root # mkswap /dev/sda2
root # swapon /dev/sda2

Şimdi, bir kök dosya sistemi oluşturmamız gerekiyor. Bu Funtoo Gnu-Linux'un bulunacağı yerdir. Biz genellikle ext4 veya XFS kök dosya sistemlerini öneriyoruz. Emin değilseniz, ext4'ü seçin. Bir kök ext4 dosya sistemi nasıl oluşturulacağı:

root # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3

...ext4 yerine XFS'yi kullanmayı tercih ederseniz, XFS kök dosya sistemi nasıl oluşturulur:

root # mkfs.xfs /dev/sda3

Your filesystems (and swap) have all now been initialized, so that that can be mounted (attached to your existing directory heirarchy) and used to store files. We are ready to begin installing Funtoo Linux on these brand-new filesystems.

   Warning

When deploying an OpenVZ host, please use ext4 exclusively. The Parallels development team tests extensively with ext4, and modern versions of openvz-rhel6-stable are not compatible with XFS, and you may experience kernel bugs.

Dosya sistemlerini bağlama

Yeni kurulmuş dosya sistemlerini aşağıdaki gibi monte edin, yükleme bağlantı noktası olarak /mnt/funtoo oluşturun:

root # mkdir /mnt/funtoo
root # mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/funtoo
root # mkdir /mnt/funtoo/boot
root # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/funtoo/boot

İsteğe bağlı olarak, /home ya da başka herhangi bir şey için ayrı bir dosya sisteminiz varsa:

root # mkdir /mnt/funtoo/home
root # mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/funtoo/home

Ayrı bir dosya sisteminde /tmp veya /var/tmp'ye sahipseniz, bağlama noktasının izinlerini, kurulumdan sonra aşağıdaki gibi genel olarak yazılabilir olacak şekilde değiştirdiğinizden emin olun:

root # chmod 1777 /mnt/funtoo/tmp

Tarih Ayarları

Şimdi tarih ve saat doğru UTC için ayarlandığından emin olmak için iyi bir zaman. Tarih ve saati doğrulamak için date komutunu kullanın:

root # date
Fri Jul 15 19:47:18 UTC 2011

Tarih ve/veya saatin düzeltilmesi gerekiyorsa, date MMDDhhmmYYYY'yi kullanarak, hhmm 24 saat formatında olduğunu unutmayın. Aşağıdaki örnek tarih ve saati "16 Temmuz, 2011 @ 8:00 ÖS" UTC olarak değiştirir:

root # date 071620002011
Fri Jul 16 20:00:00 UTC 2011

Once you have set the system clock, it's a very good idea to copy the time to the hardware clock, so it persists across reboots:

root # hwclock --systohc

Installing the Stage 3 tarball

Now that filesystems are created and your hardware and system clock are set, the next step is downloading the initial Stage 3 tarball. The Stage 3 is a pre-compiled system used as a starting point to install Funtoo Linux.

Sisteminiz için doğru Funtoo Gnu-Linux yapısını indirmek için, Subarches sayfasına gidin. Subarches, mümkün olan en iyi performansı sunmak için belirli bir CPU tipinde çalıştırmak üzere tasarlanmış Funtoo Gnu-Linux yapılarıdır. Ayrıca her CPU için mevcut olan talimat setlerinden de yararlanırlar.

The Subarches page lists all CPU-optimized versions of Funtoo Linux. Find the one that is appropriate for the type of CPU that your system has, and then click on its name in the first column (such as corei7, for example.) You will then go to a page dedicated to that subarch, and the available stage3's available for download will be listed. If you are using a virtualization technology to run Funtoo Linux, and your VM may migrate to different types of hardware, then it's recommended that you use a stage3 that is optimized for the oldest CPU instruction set that your VM will run on, or a generic image if it may run on both AMD and Intel processors.

For most subarches, you will have several stage3's available to choose from. This next section will help you understand which one to pick.

Hangi Yapı?

Emin değilseniz funtoo-current'ı seçin.

Funtoo Gnu-Linux'un çeşitli 'yapıları' vardır:

Build	Description
funtoo-current	The most commonly-selected build of Funtoo Linux. Receives rapid updates and preferred by desktop users.
funtoo-stable	Emphasizes less-frequent package updates and trusted, reliable versions of packages over the latest versions.

Hangi Varyant?

Emin değilseniz standard'ı seçin.

Our "regular" stage3's are listed with a variant of standard. The following variant builds are available:

Variant	Description
standard	The "standard" version of Funtoo Linux
pure64	A 64-bit build that drops multilib (32-bit compatibility) support. Can be ideal for server systems.
hardened	Includes PIE/SSP toolchain for enhanced security. PIE does require the use of PaX in the kernel, while SSP works with any kernel, and provides enhanced security in user-space to avoid stack-based exploits. For expert users.

Download the Stage3

Once you have found the stage3 that you would like to download, use wget to download the Stage 3 tarball you have chosen to use as the basis for your new Funtoo Linux system. It should be saved to the /mnt/funtoo directory as follows:

root # cd /mnt/funtoo
root # wget http://build.funtoo.org/funtoo-current/x86-64bit/generic_64/stage3-latest.tar.xz

Note that 64-bit systems can run 32-bit or 64-bit stages, but 32-bit systems can only run 32-bit stages. Make sure that you select a Stage 3 build that is appropriate for your CPU. If you are not certain, it is a safe bet to choose the generic_64 or generic_32 stage. Consult the Subarches page for more information.

Once the stage is downloaded, extract the contents with the following command, substituting in the actual name of your stage 3 tarball:

root # tar xpf stage3-latest.tar.xz

   Important

It is very important to use tar's "p" option when extracting the Stage 3 tarball - it tells tar to preserve any permissions and ownership that exist within the archive. Without this option, your Funtoo Linux filesystem permissions will be incorrect.

Funtoo içinde Chroot

Funtoo Gnu-Linux'u yüklemek için önce chroot komutu kullanılır. Chroot komutu yeni Funtoo Gnu-Linux sistemine geçecek ve böylece "chroot" çalıştırdıktan sonra çalıştırdığınız komutlar, yeni çıkarılan Funtoo Gnu-Linux sisteminizde çalışacaktır.

Chroot işleminden önce, chroot ortamını kurmak için yapılması gereken birkaç şey var. Yeni sisteminize /proc, /sys ve /dev bağlamanız gerekecek. Bunu yapmak için aşağıdaki komutları kullanın:

root # cd /mnt/funtoo
root # mount -t proc none proc
root # mount --rbind /sys sys
root # mount --rbind /dev dev

You'll also want to copy over resolv.conf in order to have proper resolution of Internet hostnames from inside the chroot:

root # cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/funtoo/etc/

Şimdi yeni sisteminize chroot yapabilirsiniz. Kurulum ortamından hiçbir ortam ayarının yeni sisteminize çekilmemesini sağlamak için chroot öncesi env</ code> kullanın:

root # env -i HOME=/root TERM=$TERM chroot . bash -l

It's also a good idea to change the default command prompt while inside the chroot. This will avoid confusion if you have to change terminals. Use this command:

root # export PS1="(chroot) $PS1"

Test internet name resolution from within the chroot:

root # ping -c 5 google.com

If you can't ping, make sure /etc/resolv.conf doesn't contain things like 127.0.x.x addresses, if it does, change the 127.0.x.x entry to 8.8.8.8 -- Google's public dns address. Make sure to replace this with your dns of choice once the system is installed.

Congratulations! You are now chrooted inside a Funtoo Linux system. Now it's time to get Funtoo Linux properly configured so that Funtoo Linux will start successfully, without any manual assistance, when your system is restarted.

Downloading the Portage tree

   Note

For an alternative way to do this, see Installing Portage From Snapshot.

Now it's time to install a copy of the Portage repository, which contains package scripts (ebuilds) that tell portage how to build and install thousands of different software packages. To create the Portage repository, simply run emerge --sync from within the chroot. This will automatically clone the portage tree from GitHub:

(chroot) # emerge --sync

   Important

If you receive the error with initial emerge --sync due to git protocol restrictions, set the SYNC variable in /etc/portage/make.conf to "https://github.com/funtoo/ports-2012.git"

Configuring your system

As is expected from a Linux distribution, Funtoo Linux has its share of configuration files. The one file you are absolutely required to edit in order to ensure that Funtoo Linux boots successfully is /etc/fstab. The others are optional.

Nano Kullanarak

Chroot ortamında bulunan varsayılan düzenleyici nano olarak adlandırılır. Aşağıdaki dosyalardan birini düzenlemek için, nano'yu aşağıdaki gibi çalıştırın:

(chroot) # nano /etc/fstab

When in the editor, you can use arrow keys to move the cursor, and common keys like backspace and delete will work as expected. To save the file, press Control-X, and answer y when prompted to save the modified buffer if you would like to save your changes.

Yapılandırma Dosyaları

Here are a full list of files that you may want to edit, depending on your needs:

File	Do I need to change it?	Description
/etc/fstab	YES - required	Mount points for all filesystems to be used at boot time. This file must reflect your disk partition setup. We'll guide you through modifying this file below.
/etc/localtime	Maybe - recommended	Your timezone, which will default to UTC if not set. This should be a symbolic link to something located under /usr/share/zoneinfo (e.g. /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Montreal)
/etc/make.conf (symlink) - also known as: /etc/portage/make.conf	Maybe - recommended	Parameters used by gcc (compiler), portage, and make. It's a good idea to set MAKEOPTS. This is covered later in this document. Note that it is normal for this file to be empty in Funtoo Linux, as many settings have been migrated to our enhanced profile system.
/etc/conf.d/hostname	Maybe - recommended	Used to set system hostname. Set the hostname variable to the fully-qualified (with dots, ie. foo.funtoo.org) name if you have one. Otherwise, set to the local system hostname (without dots, ie. foo). Defaults to localhost if not set.
/etc/hosts	No	You no longer need to manually set the hostname in this file. This file is automatically generated by /etc/init.d/hostname.
/etc/conf.d/keymaps	Optional	Keyboard mapping configuration file (for console pseudo-terminals). Set if you have a non-US keyboard. See Funtoo Linux Localization.
/etc/conf.d/hwclock	Optional	How the time of the battery-backed hardware clock of the system is interpreted (UTC or local time). Linux uses the battery-backed hardware clock to initialize the system clock when the system is booted.
/etc/conf.d/modules	Optional	Kernel modules to load automatically at system startup. Typically not required. See Additional Kernel Resources for more info.
/etc/conf.d/consolefont	Optional	Allows you to specify the default console font. To apply this font, enable the consolefont service by running rc-update add consolefont.
profiles	Optional	Some useful portage settings that may help speed up intial configuration.

If you're installing an English version of Funtoo Linux, you're in luck, as most of the configuration files can be used as-is. If you're installing for another locale, don't worry. We will walk you through the necessary configuration steps on the Funtoo Linux Localization page, and if needed, there's always plenty of friendly, helpful support available. (See Community)

Let's go ahead and see what we have to do. Use nano -w <name_of_file> to edit files -- the "-w" argument disables word-wrapping, which is handy when editing configuration files. You can copy and paste from the examples.

   Warning

It's important to edit your /etc/fstab file before you reboot! You will need to modify both the "fs" and "type" columns to match the settings for your partitions and filesystems that you created with gdisk or fdisk. Skipping this step may prevent Funtoo Linux from booting successfully.

/etc/fstab

/etc/fstab is used by the mount command which is run when your system boots. Lines in this file inform mount about filesystems to be mounted and how they should be mounted. In order for the system to boot properly, you must edit /etc/fstab and ensure that it reflects the partition configuration you used earlier in the install process. If you can't remember the partition configuration that you used earlier, the lsblk command may be of help to you:

(chroot) # nano -w /etc/fstab

   /etc/fstab - An example fstab file

# The root filesystem should have a pass number of either 0 or 1.
# All other filesystems should have a pass number of 0 or greater than 1.
#
# NOTE: If your BOOT partition is ReiserFS, add the notail option to opts.
#
# See the manpage fstab(5) for more information.
#
# <fs>	     <mountpoint>  <type>  <opts>         <dump/pass>

/dev/sda1    /boot         ext2    noauto,noatime 1 2
/dev/sda2    none          swap    sw             0 0
/dev/sda3    /             ext4    noatime        0 1
#/dev/cdrom  /mnt/cdrom    auto    noauto,ro      0 0

   Note

Currently, our default /etc/fstabfile has the root filesystem as /dev/sda4 and the swap partition as /dev/sda3. These will need to be changed to /dev/sda3 and /dev/sda2, respectively.

   Note

If you're using UEFI to boot, change the /dev/sda1 line so that it says vfat instead of ext2. Similarly, make sure that the /dev/sda3 line specifies either xfs or ext4, depending on which filesystem you chose earlier on in the installation process when you created filesystems.

/etc/localtime

/etc/localtime is used to specify the timezone that your machine is in, and defaults to UTC. If you would like your Funtoo Linux system to use local time, you should replace /etc/localtime with a symbolic link to the timezone that you wish to use.

(chroot) # ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/MST7MDT /etc/localtime

The above sets the timezone to Mountain Standard Time (with daylight savings). Type ls /usr/share/zoneinfo to list available timezones. There are also sub-directories containing timezones described by location.

/etc/portage/make.conf

MAKEOPTS can be used to define how many parallel compilations should occur when you compile a package, which can speed up compilation significantly. A rule of thumb is the number of CPUs (or CPU threads) in your system plus one. If, for example, you have a dual core processor without hyper-threading, then you would set MAKEOPTS to 3:

MAKEOPTS="-j3" 

If you are unsure about how many processors/threads you have, then use nproc to help you.

(chroot) # nproc
16

Set MAKEOPTS to this number plus one:

MAKEOPTS="-j17"

USE flags define what functionality is enabled when packages are built. It is not recommended to add a lot of USE flags during installation; you should wait until you have a working, bootable system before changing your USE flags. A USE flag prefixed with a minus ("-") sign tells Portage not to use the flag when compiling. A Funtoo guide to USE flags will be available in the future. For now, you can find out more information about USE flags in the Gentoo Handbook.

LINGUAS tells Portage which local language to compile the system and applications in (those who use LINGUAS variable like OpenOffice). It is not usually necessary to set this if you use English. If you want another language such as French (fr) or German (de), set LINGUAS appropriately:

LINGUAS="fr"

/etc/conf.d/hwclock

If you dual-boot with Windows, you'll need to edit this file and change the value of clock from UTC to local, because Windows will set your hardware clock to local time every time you boot Windows. Otherwise you normally wouldn't need to edit this file.

(chroot) # nano -w /etc/conf.d/hwclock

Localization

Varsayılan olarak, Funtoo Gnu-Linux, Unicode (UTF-8) etkinleştirilmiş olarak ve İngilizce yerel ayarları, klavye için yapılandırılmıştır. Sisteminizi İngilizce olmayan bir yerel ayar veya klavye kullanacak şekilde yapılandırmak isterseniz, Funtoo Linux Localization konusuna bakın.

Portage Tanıtım

Portage, Funtoo Gnu-Linux paket yöneticisi, kaynaktan paketler oluşturmak ve kurmak için kullanılan emerge adlı bir komuta sahiptir. Ayrıca paketin tüm bağımlılıklarını yüklemekle ilgilenir. Şöyle emerge çağırın:

(chroot) # emerge paketadı

When you install a package by specifying its name in the command-line, Portage records its name in the /var/lib/portage/world file. It does so because it assumes that, since you have installed it by name, you want to consider it part of your system and want to keep the package updated in the future. This is a handy feature, since when packages are being added to the world set, we can update our entire system by typing:

(chroot) # emerge --sync
(chroot) # emerge -auDN @world

This is the "official" way to update your Funtoo Linux system. Above, we first update our Portage tree using git to grab the latest ebuilds (scripts), and then run an emerge command to update the world set of packages. The options specified tell emerge to:

• a - show us what will be emerged, and ask us if we want to proceed
• u - update the packages we specify -- don't emerge them again if they are already emerged.
• D - Consider the entire dependency tree of packages when looking for updates. In other words, do a deep update.
• N - Update any packages that have changed (new) USE settings.

You should also consider passing --with-bdeps=y when emerging @world, at least once in a while. This will update build dependencies as well.

Of course, sometimes we want to install a package but not add it to the world file. This is often done because you only want the package installed temporarily or because you know the package in question is a dependnecy of another package. If this behavior is desired, you call emerge like this:

(chroot) # emerge -1 paketadı

İleri düzey kullanıcılar, Emerge wiki sayfası ilginizi çekebilir.

Updating World

Şimdi tüm sistemi güncellemek için gerçekten iyi bir zaman ve ilk önyüklemeden önce bunu yapmak iyi bir fikir olabilir.

(chroot) # emerge --sync
(chroot) # emerge -auDN @world

   Important

Make sure you read any post emerge messages and follow their instructions. This is especially true if you have upgraded perl or python.

Çekirdek

Starting mid-May 2015, Funtoo Linux stage3's include a pre-built debian-sources kernel to make installation faster and easier. To see if debian-sources is installed, type:

(chroot) # emerge -s debian-sources
Searching...    
[ Results for search key : debian-sources ]
[ Applications found : 1 ]

*  sys-kernel/debian-sources
      Latest version available: 3.19.3
      Latest version installed: 3.19.3
      Size of files: 81,292 kB
      Homepage:      http://www.debian.org
      Description:   Debian Sources (and optional binary kernel)
      License:       GPL-2

If a version is listed under Latest version installed, then debian-sources is already pre-built for you and you can skip the rest of the Kernel section, and proceed to the Installing a Bootloader section.

Building the Kernel

Funtoo Gnu-Linux için bir çekirdek inşa etmeniz gerekiyorsa lütfen aşağıdaki adımları izleyin:

   Note

See Funtoo Linux Kernels for a full list of kernels supported in Funtoo Linux. We recommend debian-sources for new users.

   Important

debian-sources with binary USE flag requires at least 14GB free in /var/tmp and takes around 1 hour to build on a Intel Core i7 Processor.

Let's emerge our kernel:

(chroot) # emerge debian-sources

Once emerge completes, you'll have a brand new kernel and initramfs installed to /boot, plus kernel headers installed in /usr/src/linux, and you'll be ready to configure the boot loader to load these to boot your Funtoo Linux system.

   Warning

If you have a RAID in your machine, the kernel installation will pull in the mdadm tool as a dependency. It is important to edit the /etc/mdadm.conf file prior to rebooting the machine so the RAID is properly recognised and set up before the kernel attempts to mount it in the tree. Failing to do so can result in an unusable or even unbootable system! For specific details, consult the mdadm man page man mdadm or the mdadm ebuild page.

   Note

NVIDIA card users: the binary USE flag installs the Nouveau drivers which cannot be loaded at the same time as the proprietary drivers, and cannot be unloaded at runtime because of KMS. You need to blacklist it under /etc/modprobe.d/.

   Note

For an overview of other kernel options for Funtoo Linux, see Funtoo Linux Kernels. There may be modules that the Debian kernel doesn't include, a situation where genkernel would be useful. Also be sure to see hardware compatibility information.

Önyükleyici Yükleme

These install instructions show you how to use GRUB to boot using BIOS (old-school) or UEFI (new-school). As of boot-update-1.7.2, now in Portage, the steps are very similar.

First, emerge boot-update. This will also cause grub-2 and efibootmgr to be merged, since they are dependencies:

(chroot) # emerge boot-update

Then, edit /etc/boot.conf using nano and specify "Funtoo Linux genkernel" as the default setting at the top of the file, replacing "Funtoo Linux".

/etc/boot.conf şimdi böyle görünmelidir:

   /etc/boot.conf

boot {
	generate grub
	default "Funtoo Linux genkernel" 
	timeout 3 
}

"Funtoo Linux" {
	kernel bzImage[-v]
}

"Funtoo Linux genkernel" {
	kernel kernel[-v]
	initrd initramfs[-v]
	params += real_root=auto 
} 

"Funtoo Linux better-initramfs" {
	kernel vmlinuz[-v]
	initrd /initramfs.cpio.gz
}

Özel veya varsayılan olmayan bir çekirdeği önyükleme yapıyorsanız, kullanabileceğiniz çeşitli seçenekler hakkında bilgi için lütfen man boot.conf dosyasını okuyun.

Eski Yöntem (BIOS) MBR

When using "old school" BIOS booting, run the following command to install GRUB to your MBR, and generate the /boot/grub/grub.cfg configuration file that GRUB will use for booting:

(chroot) # grub-install --target=i386-pc --no-floppy /dev/sda
(chroot) # boot-update

New School (UEFI) Boot Entry

If you're using "new school" UEFI booting, run of the following sets of commands, depending on whether you are installing a 64-bit or 32-bit system. This will add GRUB as a UEFI boot entry.

x86-64bit sistemler için:

(chroot) # grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id="Funtoo Linux [GRUB]" --recheck /dev/sda
(chroot) # boot-update

x86-32 bit sistemler için:

(chroot) # grub-install --target=i386-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id="Funtoo Linux [GRUB]" --recheck /dev/sda
(chroot) # boot-update

First Boot, and in the future...

Tamam -- önyüklemeye hazırsınız!

You only need to run grub-install when you first install Funtoo Linux, but you need to re-run boot-update every time you modify your /etc/boot.conf file or add new kernels to your system. This will regenerate /boot/grub/grub.cfg so that you will have new kernels available in your GRUB boot menu, the next time you reboot.

Ağınızı yapılandırma

It's important to ensure that you will be able to connect to your local-area network after you reboot into Funtoo Linux. There are three approaches you can use for configuring your network: NetworkManager, dhcpcd, and the Funtoo Linux Networking scripts. Here's how to choose which one to use based on the type of network you want to set up.

Wi-Fi

For laptop/mobile systems where you will be using Wi-Fi, roaming, and connecting to various networks NetworkManager is strongly recommended. Since Wi-Fi cards require firmware to operate, it is also recommended that you emerge the linux-firmware ebuild:

(chroot) # emerge linux-firmware networkmanager
(chroot) # rc-update add NetworkManager default

The above command will ensure that NetworkManager starts after you boot into Funtoo Linux. Once you've completed these installation steps and have booted into Funtoo Linux, you can use the nmtui command (which has an easy-to-use console-based interface) to configure NetworkManager so that it will connect (and automatically reconnect, after reboot) to a Wi-Fi access point:

root # nmtui

For more information about NetworkManager, see the NetworkManager package page.

   Note

wpa_supplicant is also a good choice for wireless network connections. See the net-wireless/wpa_supplicant package for steps involved in setting up wpa_supplicant.

Masaüstü (Wired DHCP)

For a home desktop or workstation with wired Ethernet that will use DHCP, the simplest and most effective option to enable network connectivity is to simply add dhcpcd to the default runlevel:

(chroot) # rc-update add dhcpcd default

When you reboot, dhcpcd will run in the background and manage all network interfaces and use DHCP to acquire network addresses from a DHCP server.

If your upstream DHCP server is dnsmasq, it can be configured to assign addresses via mac address to make servers on DHCP feasible.

Sunucu (Statik IP)

For servers, the Funtoo Linux Networking scripts are recommended. They are optimized for static configurations and things like virtual ethernet bridging for virtualization setups. See Funtoo Linux Networking for information on how to use Funtoo Linux's template-based network configuration system.

Hostname

By default Funtoo uses "localhost" as hostname. Although the system will work perfectly fine using this name, some ebuilds refuse to install when detecting localhost as hostname. It also may create confusion if several systems use the same hostname. Therefore, it is advised to change it to a more meaningful name. The hostname itself is arbitrary, meaning you can choose almost any combination of characters, as long as it makes sense to the system administrator. To change the hostname, edit

(chroot) # nano /etc/conf.d/hostname

Look for the line starting with hostname and change the entry between the quotes. Save the file, on the next boot Funtoo will use the new hostname.

   Warning

Do not use special characters in the hostname, as the shell may interpret these, leading to unpredictable results. Use the Latin alphabet: a-z, A-Z, 0-9

   Tip

Use short hostnames (up to 8 or 10 characters) to prevent the terminal screen being filled with the hostname, leaving little space for the command itself. This become particularly poignant when coding long command strings in various programming languages like Bash, Python, SQL and Perl

Son Adımlar

Kök şifrenizi ayarlayın

Oturum açabilmeniz için önyüklemeden önce kök şifrenizi ayarlamanız zorunludur.

(chroot) # passwd

Sisteminizi yeniden başlatın

Şimdi chroot'tan ayrılma, Funtoo Gnu-Linux bölümlerini ve dosyalarını kaldırma ve bilgisayarınızı yeniden başlatma zamanı. Yeniden başlattığınızda, grub önyükleme yükleyicisi başlatılacak, Linux çekirdeği ve initramfs yüklenecek ve sisteminiz önyüklemeye başlayacaktır.

Chroot'u terk edin, dizini /mnt olarak değiştirin, Funtoo bölümlerinizi umount edin ve yeniden başlatın.

(chroot) # exit
root # cd /mnt
root # umount -lR funtoo
root # reboot

   Note

System Rescue CD will gracefully unmount your new Funtoo filesystems as part of its normal shutdown sequence.

Şimdi sisteminizin yeniden başlatılmasını, GRUB önyükleme yükleyicisinin birkaç saniye görünmesini ve ardından Linux çekirdeğini ve initramfs'nin yüklendiğini görmelisiniz. Bundan sonra, Funtoo Gnu-Linux'un önyüklemesinin başladığını ve bir login: çıktısını görürseniz.Funtoo Gnu-Linux başarıyla yüklendi demektir!

Profiller

Once you have rebooted into Funtoo Linux, you can further customize your system to your needs by using Funtoo Profiles. A quick introduction to profiles is included below -- consult the Funtoo Profiles page for more detailed information. There are five basic profile types: arch, build, subarch, flavors and mix-ins:

Sub-Profile Type	Description
arch	Typically x86-32bit or x86-64bit, this defines the processor type and support of your system. This is defined when your stage was built and should not be changed.
build	Defines whether your system is a current, stable or experimental build. current systems will have newer packages unmasked than stable systems. This is defined when your stage is built and is typically not changed.
subarch	Defines CPU optimizations for your system. The subarch is set at the time the stage3 is built, but can be changed later to better settings if necessary. Be sure to pick a setting that is compatible with your CPU.
flavor	Defines the general type of system, such as server or desktop, and will set default USE flags appropriate for your needs.
mix-ins	Defines various optional settings that you may be interested in enabling.

One arch, build and flavor must be set for each Funtoo Linux system, while mix-ins are optional and you can enable more than one if desired. Often, flavors and mix-ins inherit settings from other sub-profiles. Use epro show to view your current profile settings, in addition to any inheritance information:

(chroot) #  epro show

=== Enabled Profiles: ===

        arch:  x86-64bit
       build:  current
     subarch:  intel64-haswell
      flavor:  desktop
     mix-ins:  gnome


=== All inherited flavors from desktop flavor: ===

                     workstation (from desktop flavor)
                            core (from workstation flavor)
                         minimal (from core flavor)

=== All inherited mix-ins from desktop flavor: ===

                               X (from workstation flavor)
                           audio (from workstation flavor)
                             dvd (from workstation flavor)
                           media (from workstation flavor)
      mediadevice-audio-consumer (from media mix-in)
                mediadevice-base (from mediadevice-audio-consumer mix-in)
      mediadevice-video-consumer (from media mix-in)
                mediadevice-base (from mediadevice-video-consumer mix-in)
        mediaformat-audio-common (from media mix-in)
          mediaformat-gfx-common (from media mix-in)
        mediaformat-video-common (from media mix-in)
                  console-extras (from workstation flavor)
                           print (from desktop flavor)

Here are some basic examples of epro usage:

Description	Command
View available profiles. Enabled profiles will be highlighted in cyan. Directly enabled profiles will be in bold and have a * appended.	(chroot) # epro list
Change the system flavor.	(chroot) # epro flavor desktop
Add a mix-in.	(chroot) # epro mix-in +gnome

Sonraki Adımlar

If you are brand new to Funtoo Linux and Gentoo Linux, please check out Funtoo Linux First Steps, which will help get you acquainted with your new system. We also have a category for our official documentation, which includes all docs that we officially maintain for installation and operation of Funtoo Linux.

Ayrıca, sisteminizi kurmak için ayrılmış bir dizi sayfalar var. Bu sayfaların listesi için bkz First Steps.

If your system did not boot correctly, see Installation Troubleshooting for steps you can take to resolve the problem.