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Libvirt
Introduction
How to configure and administrate KVM/Qemu using Libvirt with the GUI front-end Virt-Manager.
An overview according to libvirt.org, the [libvirt] project:
- is a toolkit to manage virtualization platforms
- is accessible from C, Python, Perl, Java and more
- is licensed under open source licenses
- supports KVM, QEMU, Xen, Virtuozzo, VMWare ESX, LXC, BHyve and more
- targets Linux, FreeBSD, Windows and OS-X
- is used by many applications
Check for KVM hardware support
Verify the processor supports Intel Vt-x or AMD-V technology and that the necessary virtualization features are enabled within the BIOS. The following command should reveal if your hardware supports virtualization:
$ LC_ALL=C lscpu | grep Virt
Kernel configuration
The default Funtoo kernel, "debian-sources", has the needed KVM virtualization and virtual networking features enabled by default and will not require any reconfiguration. Non debian-sources users will need to verify the necessary kernel features are turned on in order to run KVM virtual machines and use virtual networking.
Install libvirt
Optionally build libvirt with policykit support which will allow non-root users to authenticate as root in order to manage VMs and will also allow members of the libvirt group to manage VMs without using the root password.
$ echo 'app-emulation/libvirt policykit' >> /etc/portage/package.use
For desktop VM usage, It is recommended to build app-emulation/qemu with spice support, for improved graphical and audio performance, clipboard-sharing and directory-sharing.
$ echo 'app-emulation/qemu spice' >> /etc/portage/package.use
It will likely ask to make some USE flag changes to the file /etc/portage/package.use -- if the changes look good, go ahead and add the changes it needs in order to be emerged.
$ emerge -av libvirt
After libvirt is finished compiling, you will have installed libvirt and pulled-in all of its' necessary dependencies, such as app-emulation/qemu and also net-firewall/ebtables and net-dns/dnsmasq for the default NAT/DHCP networking.
Enable the libvirtd service
Start the libvirtd service.
$ rc-service libvirtd start
Add the libvirtd service to the openrc default runlevel.
$ rc-update add libvirtd
Enable the "default" libvirt NAT
Set the virsh network "default" to be autostarted by libvirtd.
$ virsh net-autostart default
Start the "default" virsh network.
$ virsh net-start default
Restart the libvirtd service to ensure everything has taken effect.
$ rc-service libvirtd restart
Use ifconfig to verify the default NAT's network interface is up.
$ ifconfig
... virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 inet 192.168.122.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.122.255 ether 52:54:00:74:7a:ac txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet) RX packets 6 bytes 737 (737.0 B) RX errors 0 dropped 5 overruns 0 frame 0 TX packets 0 bytes 0 (0.0 B) TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0 ...
Notice the "default" libvirt NAT inserts its' additional iptables rules automatically upon every libvirtd restart.
$ iptables -S
... -A FORWARD -d 192.168.122.0/24 -o virbr0 -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -s 192.168.122.0/24 -i virbr0 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -i virbr0 -o virbr0 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -o virbr0 -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable -A FORWARD -i virbr0 -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable -A FORWARD -d 192.168.122.0/24 -o virbr0 -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -s 192.168.122.0/24 -i virbr0 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -i virbr0 -o virbr0 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -o virbr0 -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable -A FORWARD -i virbr0 -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable -A FORWARD -d 192.168.122.0/24 -o virbr0 -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -s 192.168.122.0/24 -i virbr0 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -i virbr0 -o virbr0 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -o virbr0 -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable -A FORWARD -i virbr0 -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-port-unreachable -A OUTPUT -o virbr0 -p udp -m udp --dport 68 -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -o virbr0 -p udp -m udp --dport 68 -j ACCEPT -A OUTPUT -o virbr0 -p udp -m udp --dport 68 -j ACCEPT
Most virsh commands require root privileges
Libvirt VMs are managed using the virsh cli and the GUI front-end Virt-Manager. Using these tools will require root privileges.
As noted from man(1) virsh, Template:Quote
Running as root, the following are some example virsh commands:
$ virsh list --all $ virsh start foo $ virsh destroy foo
If libvirt was built with polictykit support, non-root users can run the same example virsh commands by addressing qemu:///system and authenticating as root via policykit.
$ virsh --connect qemu:///system list --all $ virsh --connect qemu:///system start foo $ virsh --connect qemu:///system destroy foo
Passwordless, non-root VM administration
If libvirt was built with policykit support, add a user to the additional "libvirt" group in order to administrate Virtual Machines without authenticating as root. Log out and back in for these changes to take affect.
$ gpasswd -a $USER libvirt
Tell Qemu where the UEFI BIOS firmware is located
Edit /etc/libvirt/qemu.conf and include the following contents:
nvram = [
"/usr/share/edk2-ovmf/OVMF_CODE.fd:/usr/share/edk2-ovmf/OVMF_VARS.fd"
]
Install Virt-Manager to create and configure VM templates
Libvirt VM Templates are configured using XML and it is recommended to install Virt-Manager in order to ease the virtual machine creation and configuration process. It may also be desirable to revisit the "virsh" commands later on, as it may be necessary to use them in order to make some advanced changes to XML templates that are not shown in the GUI Virt-Manager application. Using the virsh cli is also essential for doing work remotely where Virt-Manager may not be available.
Make sure the "gtk" use flag is enabled for Virt-Mananger, as it is a graphical application, and also "polictykit", and then begin the emerge process:
$ echo 'app-emulation/virt-manager gtk policykit' >> /etc/portage/package.use
Once again it is likely to need further USE flag changes in /etc/portage/package.use -- if the changes look good, go ahead and add the changes it needs in order to be emerged.
$ emerge -av virt-manager
Create a new Virtual Machine Template
On first use of Virt-Manager, while browsing to find an ISO image, create a dedicated ISO "pool" which will be a directory on the filesystem where ISO files are stored. Select the "+" in order to "Add pool". After creating the ISO pool and moving ISO images into the directory, refresh it and browse for your ISO images in your ISO pool to use for the virtual machine install.
Customize Configuration Before VM Install
During the final step of VM template creation, it is a good idea to check the box "Customize Configuration Before Install" because it will allow on the next screen to choose which BIOS firmware will be used. After a BIOS is chosen for a VM template, it is unable to be changed without starting the creation process again from the beginning.
The default BIOS is seabios, which is a legacy BIOS. OVMF, a UEFI BIOS, is also available. When deciding on a chipset, i440FX is for emulation of older BIOS chipsets, and Q35 is for emulation of newer BIOS chipsets. It is recommended to use the default seabios unless a UEFI BIOS is needed.
It is possible to return to the VM customization menu at any time from the main Virt-Manager window by selecting a VM and choosing "open" and then selecting from the VMs dropdown menu "View > Details".
The Q35 BIOS chipset will not work with IDE
Simply remove the IDE CDROM and IDE Storage and Select "Add Hardware" and add under "Storage" select SATA and add a new SATA CDROM and SATA storage device instead. It is also important to decide between using the "qcow2" format which allows for snapshotting with rollbacks/forwards and is additionally sparse provisioned, or to choose "raw" which will have none of these things, but may have better performance under some circumstances.
How to use SCSI Storage Devices with the Virtio SCSI Disk Controller
While selecting Storage drives this is an excellent time to choose the disk "Device type" of "SCSI" which will use the Redhat passthrough "Virtio SCSI" disk controller for improved I/O performance.
ZFS users can also use a sparse provisioned ZVOL which can be addressed in this section of the Virt-Manager "Manage" textbox as "/dev/zvol/tank/VOLNAME".
The virtio guest driver for taking advantage of the "Virtio SCSI" disk controller is included by default in Linux and FreeBSD kernels. Windows will be unable to see the Virtio SCSI storage disk and therefore unable to install until you load the Redhat Virtio SCSI Driver during the Windows install process. (Windows installers include a menu with the ability to load drivers during the install process.) The RedHat Virtio SCSI driver for Windows is available to download as an ISO image.
About the Virt-Manager defaults
Virt-Manager configures by default to offer the Spice server with QXL video and ich6 sound with USB redirectors and shared clipboard features enabled by default. These are all generally good things to have for desktop / graphical VMs, but depending on the user application, some may opt to remove or change these devices away from defaults.
Begin Installation
When ready to begin, choose "Begin Installation", Virt-Manager's equivalent of the "virt-install" command.
After successful installation of an OS, it is a good idea to install and enable the app-emulation/spice-vdagent service on graphical guests. If it is a Windows guest, a Spice executeable can be downloaded from the official Spice downloads page.
XML Template editing using "virsh edit"
Some features are only able to be changed by editing the XML template directly. This example shows an XML template that was originally generated using Virt-Manager, but by using the "virsh edit" command, has been modified on line 42 with the added parameter of discard='unmap' which allows sparse provisioned guest VMs to trim the filesystem and return unused space back to the host.
Troubleshooting
Can't get beyond the BIOS screen? Check that the devices are enabled and in the proper order in the "boot device order" section of the "boot options" Also check if the CDROM has an ISO loaded! It may also be possible the ISO installation media only supports legacy BIOS.