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Note

Translators: Thank you for your help! Please use the section-by-section guide as the basis for your translations. Thanks again!

Introduction

root # Welcome to Funtoo Linux!

欢迎走近 Funtoo Linux！本文档是为了帮助你在 PC 兼容的系统上安装 Funtoo Linux 而写的，同时将系统配置方面的干扰选项降到最低。

If you're new to installing a Gentoo-based Linux, or new to Linux entirely -- welcome! We have attempted to make these installation instructions understandable to new users as well. We encourage all new users to read Wolf Pack Philosophy to understand some of the distinctives of the Funtoo community.

在我们开始之前，请查看以下重要信息：

Our desktop environment stages (GNOME, Cinnamon, etc.) now support seamless installation on VMware Workstation Pro virtual machines. We highly recommend you enable 3D Accelerated Video for your VM, which is not enabled by default. Click here for more info.

当前版本: Funtoo Linux 的当前版本是 1.4，有时也被称为 1.4-release 或 1.4-release-std。

开发模式: Funtoo Linux 是一个“社区开发”的 Linux 元发行版。如果你使用 Funtoo Linux，可以通过 code.funtoo.org 对它的开发做出贡献，而不需要经过任何特殊的程序或复杂的审批过程。参见开发指南了解更多关于如何为 Funtoo 做贡献的信息。我们也有 YouTube 视频教程来帮助你入门。

Support Matrix: Please use our Support Matrix to familiarize yourself with the technologies we do -- and do not -- support.

文档样式: 我们现在提供了逐节阅读和浏览安装指南的功能。在线用户可能会觉得这样更方便。

运行 Steam: 我们最近发布了官方的 Steam Docker 镜像以及对 Flatpak 上 Steam 的支持——这些是官方支持的在 Funtoo 上运行 Steam 的方式。更多信息参阅 Steam。

容器: 官方支持 LXD 容器管理以及 Docker。请参阅 Chroot 与容器，了解一个不完整但不断增加的可用容器技术列表，以及更多文档的链接。

新的 Fchroot 工具: 我们新的 fchroot 工具现在可以让你在 PC 兼容的硬件上运行 ARM 和 RISCV 环境。这是一个非常有效的工具，可以加速在资源有限的 ARM 系统上构建大型软件。参阅 code.funtoo.org page、Frankenchroot 和 Frankenchroot/Live_NFS_Frankenchroot 了解设置信息。

现在我们已经涵盖了所有的重要信息，是时候开始安装 Funtoo Linux 了！

安装概述

这是 Funtoo 安装过程的基本概述：

Download LiveCD

为了安装 Funtoo Linux，首先需要使用基于 Linux 的 Live CD 或 U 盘来启动计算机。我们目前推荐使用 Gentoo 最小化安装 CD，因为它包含了现代的内核和最新的 UEFI 系统的启动，并且可以快速下载。它可以被刻录成 CD/DVD 或安装在 U 盘上。在这里下载它：

从 Funtoo:New Install Experience/LiveCD 下载。

When installing Funtoo Linux on x86-64bit, we highly recommend the official Funtoo Linux LiveCD/LiveUSB, which can always be downloaded here:

https://www.funtoo.org/Funtoo:New_Install_Experience/LiveCD/Releases

While any modern bootable Linux image should be sufficient to install Funtoo Linux, the Funtoo LiveCD has several advantages over other options. Because it natively runs Funtoo Linux, and includes our official debian-sources kernel with very good hardware support, the hardware it supports is going to match the hardware that Funtoo Linux supports -- thus allowing you to identify any hardware compatibility issues immediately.

In addition, our LiveCD is regularly updated, and includes NetworkManager which allows the use of the easy nmtui command to configure your network. It also includes our innovative Fchroot tool, which allows you to use QEMU to "chroot" into non-x86 systems such as arm-64bit and riscv-64bit. This allows the Funtoo LiveCD to be used to even rescue and set up systems with different instruction sets!

要将其复制到 U 盘上进行启动，使用以下命令：

root # dd if=install-amd64-minimal-20210103T214503Z.iso of=/dev/sdx bs=4k status=progress

当然，需要将 /dev/sdx 改为指向系统中 U 盘的块设备。

接入网络

关于从 LiveCD 设置接入网络的步骤，请参见 Funtoo:New Install Experience/LiveCD 页面。

远程安装

Alternatively, you can log into your bootable environment over the network via SSH to perform the install from another computer, and this may be more convenient way to install Funtoo Linux.

First ensure that sshd is running. You may need to start sshd as follows:

root # /etc/init.d/sshd start

如果要远程完成安装，方法如下。首先，需要确保可启动 CD/USB 镜像已正常连接网络。然后，需要设置一个root密码：

root # passwd
New password: ********
Retype new password: ********
passwd: password updated successfully

输入密码后，现在需要确定可启动系统的 IP 地址，然后就可以使用 ssh 连接到它。要确定 LiveCD 当前使用的 IP 地址，输入 ifconfig：

root # ifconfig

另外，还可以通过 iproute2 ip 工具确定 IP 地址：

root # ip addr show

One of the interfaces should have an IP address (listed as inet addr:) from your LAN. You can then connect remotely, from another system on your LAN, your bootable environment, and perform steps from the comfort of an existing OS. On your remote system, type the following, replacing 1.2.3.4 with the IP address of the LiveCD. Connecting from an existing Linux or MacOS system would look something like this:

remote system $ ssh root@1.2.3.4
Password: **********

Note

如果想从现有的微软 Windows 系统进行远程连接，则需要下载一个 Windows 的 SSH 客户端，比如 OpenSSH。

通过 SSH 登录后，现在已经远程连接到 LiveCD，可以进行安装步骤。

Prepare Disk

在本节中，需要选择一种用于启动和分区的磁盘格式—— MBR 或 UEFI/GPT。如果你不熟悉这些选项之间的差异，请查看我们的磁盘格式页面，了解每个选项的概述和权衡。一般来说，对于 2TB 以下的系统盘，选择传统的 MBR 方法通常是安全的，而且大多数现代 PC 系统既支持 MBR 也支持 UEFI 启动。

MBR is the traditional way of booting a PC. It works by installing executable code on the boot sector of your hard drive, which starts the boot process. When you use MBR to boot, you must have BIOS booting enabled in your BIOS, use traditional MBR partitions on your disk which are created using the fdisk tool.

UEFI is the more modern way to boot a PC. It works using a boot loader that is built into your computer. Boot entries are created and stored in your computer's non-volatile memory. When you use UEFI to boot, you must have UEFI enabled in your BIOS, and use more modern GPT partitions which are created using the gdisk tool.

Generally, it's usually safe to pick the legacy MBR method for system disks under 2TB in size and most modern PC systems support MBR as well as UEFI booting.

Note

For more information on differences between MBR and UEFI, see our Disk Formats page for an overview of each option and the trade-offs.

但首先......

在对磁盘进行任何操作之前，请确保你的分区是正确的。使用 lsblk 命令查看系统中所有块设备的列表，以及这些块设备上的分区：

root # lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda             8:0    0  1.8T  0 disk 
├─sda1          8:1    0  512M  0 part 
├─sda2          8:2    0    8G  0 part [SWAP]
└─sda3          8:3    0  1.8T  0 part 
  ├─main-root 254:0    0  500G  0 lvm  /
  └─main-data 254:1    0  1.3T  0 lvm  /home

Note

If you're not sure which disks are which, you can use lsblk -o MODEL,NAME,SIZE to show the device models matching the /dev/sd? names.

Make sure you will not be overwriting any important data and that you have chosen the correct /dev/sd? device. Above, you can see that SATA disk sda contains three partitions, sda1, sda2 and sda3, and that sda3 contains LVM volumes. If you are using an NVME disk, then you may see nvme0n1 as your disk, and your partitions (if any exist yet) will be named nvme0n1p1, nvme0n1p2, etc. If you are installing on microSD Card for Raspberry Pi, your disk will likely be mmcblk0 and partitions will have suffixes p1, p2, etc.

一旦你仔细检查了目标块设备，并确定将会对磁盘进行正确的分区，就继续下一步。

MBR Partitioning

传统（BIOS/MBR）方法

Note

如果使用 BIOS 启动，并且 Funtoo LiveCD 初始启动菜单是浅蓝色的，就使用这个方法。如果要使用 UEFI/GPT 磁盘格式，那么请至下一节继续。

首先，需要找到正确的硬盘来进行分区。尝试下列命令验证 /dev/sda 是要进行分区的硬盘：

root # fdisk -l /dev/sda

Disk /dev/sda: 640.1 GB, 640135028736 bytes, 1250263728 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt

#         Start          End    Size  Type            Name
 1         2048   1250263694  596.2G  Linux filesyste Linux filesystem

现在，建议擦除磁盘上任何现有的 MBR 或 GPT 分区表，否则可能会在启动时混淆系统的 BIOS。我们使用 sgdisk 来完成这项工作。

Warning

这将使任何现有分区无法访问! 强烈提醒并建议在继续之前备份一切关键数据。

root # sgdisk --zap-all /dev/sda

Creating new GPT entries.
GPT data structures destroyed! You may now partition the disk using fdisk or
other utilities.

如果输出这样的结果也不必担心，因为命令还是成功了：

***************************************************************
Found invalid GPT and valid MBR; converting MBR to GPT format
in memory. 
***************************************************************

现在我们将使用 fdisk 创建 MBR 分区表和分区：

root # fdisk /dev/sda

在 gdisk 中，按照以下步骤操作：

清空分区表：

Command (m for help): o ↵

创建分区 1（引导）：

Command (m for help): n ↵
Partition type (default p): ↵
Partition number (1-4, default 1): ↵
First sector: ↵
Last sector: +128M ↵

创建分区 2（交换）：

Command (m for help): n ↵
Partition type (default p): ↵
Partition number (2-4, default 2): ↵
First sector: ↵
Last sector: +2G ↵
Command (m for help): t ↵ 
Partition number (1,2, default 2):  ↵
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82 ↵

创建根目录分区：

Command (m for help): n ↵
Partition type (default p): ↵
Partition number (3,4, default 3): ↵
First sector: ↵
Last sector: ↵

验证分区表：

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sda: 298.1 GiB, 320072933376 bytes, 625142448 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x82abc9a6

Device    Boot     Start       End    Blocks  Id System
/dev/sda1           2048    264191    131072  83 Linux
/dev/sda2         264192   4458495   2097152  82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda3        4458496 625142447 310341976  83 Linux

将分区表写入磁盘：

Command (m for help): w

新的 MBR 分区表现在将被写入系统磁盘。

Note

你已经完成了分区！现在，跳转至创建文件系统。

GPT Partitioning

UEFI/GPT 方法

Note

如果对使用 UEFI 启动感兴趣，并且 Funtoo LiveCD 初始启动菜单是黑白的，或者系统启动时没有启动菜单，请使用此方法。如果是淡蓝色的，这个方法将不起作用。相反，使用上一节的说明，然后跳过这一节，或者先在 UEFI 模式下重新启动 LiveCD。

Note

你可以在 GPT 分区表中建立传统模式，但它需要一个 BIOS 启动分区，参见Talk:Install/GPT_Partitioning

创建 GPT 分区表的 gdisk 命令如下。根据需要调整大小，尽管这些默认值对大多数用户都适用。启动 gdisk：

root # gdisk /dev/sda

在 gdisk 中，按照以下步骤操作：

创建一个新的空分区表（这将会在保存时擦除磁盘上的所有数据）：

Command: o ↵
This option deletes all partitions and creates a new protective MBR.
Proceed? (Y/N): y ↵

创建分区 1 （引导）：

Command: n ↵
Partition Number: 1 ↵
First sector: ↵
Last sector: +128M ↵
Hex Code: EF00 ↵

创建分区 2（交换）：

Command: n ↵
Partition Number: 2 ↵
First sector: ↵
Last sector: +4G ↵
Hex Code: 8200 ↵

创建分区 3（根目录）：

Command: n ↵
Partition Number: 3 ↵
First sector: ↵
Last sector: ↵ (for rest of disk)
Hex Code: ↵

（可选）如果希望使用磁盘标签而不是 /dev/sdXX（其中 XX 是磁盘和分区编号），请这样做：

Command: c ↵
Partition Number: 1
Enter name: BOOT 
Command: c ↵
Partition Number: 2
Enter name: swap
Command: c ↵
Partition Number: 3
Enter name: ROOT

Along the way, you can type "p" and hit Enter to view your current partition table. If you make a mistake, you can type "d" to delete an existing partition that you created. When you are satisfied with your partition setup, type "w" to write your configuration to disk:

将分区表写入磁盘：

Command: w ↵
Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): Y ↵

分区表现在将被写入磁盘，gdisk 将关闭。

现在，GPT/GUID 分区已经创建，并将在 Linux 下显示为以下“块设备”：

/dev/sda1，将用于存放 /boot 文件系统，
/dev/sda2，将用于交换空间，以及
/dev/sda3，将存放根文件系统。

Tip

可以通过运行命令 lsblk 来验证上面的块设备是否正确创建。

Creating Filesystems

Note

本节同时覆盖 BIOS 和 UEFI 安装两种方法。不要跳过！

Before your newly-created partitions can be used, the block devices that were created in the previous step need to be initialized with filesystem metadata. This process is known as creating a filesystem on the block devices. After filesystems are created on the block devices, they can be mounted and used to store files.

Let's keep this simple. Are you using legacy MBR partitions? If so, let's create an ext2 filesystem on /dev/sda1:

root # mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda1

如果在 UEFI 中使用 GPT 分区，或者为 Raspberry Pi 安装，需要在第一个分区上创建一个 vfat 文件系统。在 Raspberry Pi 的情况下，这将是 mmcblk0p1：

root # mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1

现在，创建一个交换分区。Funtoo Linux 会将此分区用于基于磁盘的虚拟内存空间。

由于交换分区不是用来存储文件的，因此无需对于交换分区创建文件系统。但是需要使用 mkswap 将其初始化。由于之后的安装过程中需要交换分区，所以要运行 swapon 命令使交换分区立即在 Live CD 环境生效：

root # mkswap /dev/sda2
root # swapon /dev/sda2

根目录文件系统

Now, we need to create a root filesystem. This is where Funtoo Linux will live. We generally recommend ext4 or XFS root filesystems. Keep in mind that some filesystems will require additional filesystem tools to be emerged prior to rebooting. Please consult the following table for more information:

文件系统	推荐作为根文件系统？	安装所需的额外工具
ext4	是	无
XFS	是	`sys-fs/xfsprogs`
reiserfs	是——可能需要启用内核支持	`sys-fs/reiserfsprogs`
zfs	否 - 仅限高级用户	`sys-fs/zfs`
btrfs	否 - 仅限高级用户	`sys-fs/btrfs-progs`

Important

我们不建议用户将 ZFS 或 BTRFS 设置为他们的根文件系统。这会复杂得多，而且通常没有必要。相反，选择 XFS 或 ext4。我们确实支持 ZFS 或 BTRFS 作为非 root 文件系统，这在配置上要简单得多。在完成设置 Funtoo Linux 系统后，看 ZFS 和 BTRFS 来配置 ZFS 或 BTRFS，用于额外的二级存储。

如果不确定，就选择 ext4。下面是如何创建一个根目录 ext4 文件系统：

root # mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3

……这里是如何创建一个 XFS 根目录文件系统，如果你喜欢使用 XFS 而不是 ext4：

root # mkfs.xfs /dev/sda3

你的文件系统（包括交换分区）现在已经初始化了，这样就可以挂载他们（附加到现有的目录层次结构中）并且用来存储文件。我们已经准备好在崭新的分区上安装 Funtoo Linux。

Additional Filesystems

Note

这对树莓派系统非常有用！

You may want to create additional filesystems for various parts of your Funtoo filesystem tree. It is not uncommon to place /home or /var on separate filesystems.

For Raspberry Pi, you may not have a lot of spare room on the card depending on the capacity of your microSD card, and it may make a lot of sense to put the entire /var filesystem on an external hard drive or solid state disk. This will not only ensure you don't run out of disk space, but can also improve performance since writes to the microSD card typically aren't that fast.

To do this, you will want to use fdisk or gdisk to create a partition on your external drive, and then use the mkfs.xfs or mkfs.ext4 commands to create a filesystem on the new partition. We will mount this new filesystem in the next step prior to extracting the stage3 tarball.

Mounting Filesystems

按照如下的步骤挂载新创建的文件系统，创建 /mnt/funtoo 作为安装的挂载点：

root # mkdir /mnt/funtoo
root # mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/funtoo
root # mkdir /mnt/funtoo/boot
root # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/funtoo/boot

如果在之前创建了额外的文件系统（例如 /home 或 /var），应该现在就挂载它们，以便在解压 stage3 时（将在稍后的步骤中进行）这些文件系统将被填充必要的文件。这可以通过以下方式完成：

root # mkdir /mnt/funtoo/var
root # mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt/funtoo/var

Setting the Date

Important

如果你的系统上的时间与实际的时间相差太远（特别是几月甚至是几年，）那么有可能会导致 Protage 无法正确地通过 https 下载源码包。原因是有一些源码会包会通过 https 下载，而 SSL 证书是具有完整的激活和过期时间的。但是，如果你的系统时间与正确的时间相差不多，目前是可以跳过这段的。

显示要验证日期和时间被正确的设定为 UTC 格式。使用 date 命令来校验日期和时间。

root # date
Fri Jul 15 19:47:18 UTC 2011

If the date and/or time need to be corrected, do so using date MMDDhhmmYYYY, keeping in mind hhmm are in 24-hour format. The example below changes the date and time to "July 16th, 2011 @ 8:00PM" UTC:

root # date 071620002011
Fri Jul 16 20:00:00 UTC 2011

Once you have set the system clock, it's a very good idea to copy the time to the hardware clock, so it persists across reboots:

root # hwclock --systohc

Download and Extract Stage3

现在我们已经完成了创建分区以及设置系统时间这两个步骤，下一步便是下载 Stage 3 压缩包。Stage 3 压缩包是一个预编译的，可以作为安装 Funtoo Linux 的出发点的系统。

请移步至 Subarches 来为你的系统下载最新版本的 Funtoo Linux。其他平台的分支（例如 arm 等）是为了让 Funtoo Linux 能在某一特定的 CPU 平台上有最好的表现而设计的。它们也对于每个 CPU 的指令集有不同的优势。

What Subarch?

From the subarch list at Subarches, choose your desired level of optimization. A system built specifically for your CPU will run faster than a less-optimized system. For a modern Intel or AMD system, it is safe to pick the exact optimization level for your particular family of CPU. This will offer the best possible performance.

If you are using a virtualization technology to run Funtoo Linux and your VM may be used on different types of hardware, then it's recommended that you use a stage3 that is optimized for the oldest CPU instruction set that your VM will run on, or a more generic image if it may run on both AMD and Intel processors.

Once you have found the appropriate subarch at Subarches, you will likely have a few installation images to choose from. This next section will help you understand which one to pick.

Which Image?

Our desktop environment stages (GNOME, Cinnamon, etc.) now support seamless installation on VMware Workstation Pro virtual machines. We highly recommend you enable 3D Accelerated Video for your VM, which is not enabled by default. Click here for more info.

You can always manually choose an installation image via https://build.funtoo.org as well as using the Subarches page. Here is some guidance on choosing the best .tar.xz image for download. When choosing an image:

Pick next.: This is next release of Funtoo Linux, our current release.

Pick the subarch for the CPU family of the system you are installing on.: This will provide the best performance.

Choose stage3 for...: The stage3 is a more traditional, minimal and non-graphical installation of Funtoo. You will then build your system up to your desired state using emerge.

Choose gnome for...: The gnome installation image, if available, includes the full GNOME environment as well as Firefox already optimized for your hardware. You can then continue to further customize your system after installation. See the Desktop Environments section of our Support Matrix for more desktop options.

The lxd image for...: The lxd image is for use with LXD, and is not used for installing directly on a desktop or laptop, so you should not select this option for regular installs. To install, first download and then lxc image import <name>.tar.xz --alias funtoo and then you can lxc launch funtoo my_container.

下载 Stage3

选择好 Stage3 之后，就可以下载了。使用 wget 命令来下载将要作为基础系统的压缩包。它应当被保存在 /mnt/funtoo ，如下所示：

Note

If you are using the Funtoo LiveCD, you can use a text-based browser to download your preferred stage. Type links https://build.funtoo.org rather than the wget command below. Hit enter to select the appropriate directories and stage3.

root # cd /mnt/funtoo
root # wget https://build.funtoo.org/1.4-release-std/x86-64bit/generic_64/stage3-latest.tar.xz

验证下载的压缩包

Funtoo Linux 的 stage 压缩包是由构建服务器使用 GPG 签署的。在可能的情况下，验证下载文件的真实性和完整性是一个好的做法。关于如何导入和信任 GPG 密钥的说明，查看our wiki page about GPG signatures。

然后，你可以下载 stage3 的 GPG 签名，并使用 gpg --verify 命令来验证压缩包：

root # wget https://build.funtoo.org/1.4-release-std/x86-64bit/generic_64/stage3-latest.tar.xz.gpg
root # gpg --verify stage3-latest.tar.xz.gpg stage3-latest.tar.xz

一旦下载并验证了 stage，用下面的命令解压缩内容，并代入 stage 3 压缩包的实际名称：

root # tar --numeric-owner --xattrs --xattrs-include='*' -xpf stage3-latest.tar.xz

Important

使用上述所有选项是非常重要的。详情请看下文。

下面是 tar 的选项的作用：

--numeric-owner: Without this option, tar will map ownership and group ownership based on the UID to user and GID to group mappings as defined on the LiveCD. We don't want this -- we want the numeric values of the UIDs and GIDs in the tarball to be preserved on disk, so when your Funtoo Linux system boots, the UIDs and GIDs are set correctly for Funtoo. That is what this option tells tar to do.
--xattrs --xattrs-include='*': Funtoo Linux uses filesystem extended attributes to set Linux capabilities, which allow for certain programs such as ping to have enhanced privileges without having to be fully 'suid root'. Even with the -p option, tar will not restore extended attributes we need unless these two options are specified.
-xpf: This instructs tar to extract (x), preserve regular permissions and ownership (p), and use the filename (f) specified.

Chroot into Funtoo

要安装 Funtoo Linux，首先要使用 chroot 命令。Chroot 命令将“切换到”新的 Funtoo Linux 系统中，所以你在运行 "chroot" 后执行的命令将在你新提取的 Funtoo Linux 系统中运行。

root # fchroot /mnt/funtoo
fchroot #

The fchroot command will take care of all necessary steps to enter into your new Funtoo Linux system, as well as clean up things when you exit the fchroot by typing exit or ctrl-D.

If you are using another LiveCD or USB media to install Funtoo, you can manually chroot by using the following set of commands:

在进行 chroot 之前，需要做一些设置 chroot 环境的工作，你需要在新系统中挂载 /proc、/sys 和 /dev。使用以下命令来完成：

root # cd /mnt/funtoo
root # mount -t proc none proc
root # mount --rbind /sys sys
root # mount --rbind /dev dev

Note

对于使用 64 位 Live CD 安装 32 位系统用户请注意：一些软件使用 uname -r 来检查系统是 32 位或是 64 位。你可能需要将 linux32 指令附加在 chroot 指令中执行来解决这个问题，但通常情况下是不需要的。

Important

如果你得到了 "chroot: failed to run command `/bin/bash': Exec format error" 这个错误，多数情况是尝试在 32 位内核中执行 64 位指令。确保在启动临场 CD 时选择了正确的内核类型。

在 chroot 中更改默认的命令提示符也是一个好主意。这样可以避免在你必须更换终端时出现混乱。使用这个命令：

chroot # export PS1="(chroot) $PS1"

在 chroot 中测试互联网名称的解析：

chroot # ping -c 5 google.com

如果不能 ping，请确保 /etc/resolv.conf 在其 nameserver 设置中为可到达的命名服务器指定一个有效的 IP 地址。

可喜可贺！你现在已经 chroot 进入了一个新的 Funtoo Linux 系统中。是时候正确地配置 Funtoo Linux ，以便在没有任何手动设置的情况下，让它能正确的重启并且运行。

Download Portage Tree

现在是时候安装 Portage 仓库了，它包含了包脚本 (ebuilds)，告诉 portage 如何构建和安装成千上万个不同的软件包。要创建 Portage 仓库，只需在 chroot 中运行 ego sync。这将会自动克隆 GitHub 中的 portage 树和所有工具包：

chroot # ego sync

Configuration Files

正如对任何一个 Linux 发行版期盼的那样，Funtoo Linux 有一套自己的配置文件。为了确保 Funtoo Linux 成功启动，你必须编辑的文件是 /etc/fstab。其他的文件是可选的。

使用 Nano

Chroot 环境下包含的默认文本编辑器是 nano。若要编辑文本，可以按照下述方法使用 Nano：

chroot # nano -w /etc/fstab

在编辑器中，可以使用方向键移动光标，并且退格和删除这一类的按键都会像往常一样工作。可以按 Control-X 并且用 y 来回答是/否将改动保存到文件的提示来保存文件。

When in the editor, you can use arrow keys to move the cursor, and common keys like backspace and delete will work as expected. To save the file, press Control-X, and answer y when prompted to save the modified buffer if you would like to save your changes.

We will edit the /etc/fstab file later, when we set up the boot loader.

配置文件

Here are a full list of files that you may want to edit, depending on your needs:

File	Do I need to change it?	Description
`/etc/fstab`	YES - required	Mount points for all filesystems to be used at boot time. This file must reflect your disk partition setup. We'll guide you through modifying this file below.
`/etc/localtime`	Maybe - recommended	Your timezone, which will default to UTC if not set. This should be a symbolic link to something located under /usr/share/zoneinfo (e.g. /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Montreal)
`/etc/make.conf`	NO - not required or recommended	Unlike Gentoo, it is normal and correct for this file to be empty in Funtoo Linux, as settings have been migrated to our enhanced profile system. Adding settings from this file will cause your system to be considered a non-standard setup and not officially supported. If you feel you need to add something to this file, be sure to ask on Discord for guidance. You probably don't.
`/etc/hosts`	No	You no longer need to manually set the hostname in this file. This file is automatically generated by `/etc/init.d/hostname`.
`/etc/conf.d/hostname`	Maybe - recommended	Used to set system hostname. Set the `hostname` variable to the fully-qualified (with dots, ie. `foo.funtoo.org`) name if you have one. Otherwise, set to the local system hostname (without dots, ie. `foo`). Defaults to `localhost` if not set.
`/etc/conf.d/keymaps`	Optional	Keyboard mapping configuration file (for console pseudo-terminals). Set if you have a non-US keyboard. See Funtoo Linux Localization.
`/etc/conf.d/hwclock`	Optional	How the time of the battery-backed hardware clock of the system is interpreted (UTC or local time). Linux uses the battery-backed hardware clock to initialize the system clock when the system is booted.
`/etc/conf.d/modules`	Optional	Kernel modules to load automatically at system startup. Typically not required. See Additional Kernel Resources for more info.
`/etc/conf.d/consolefont`	Optional	Allows you to specify the default console font. To apply this font, enable the consolefont service by running rc-update add consolefont.
`/etc/conf.d/swap`	Optional	When using a swap file that is not on the root filesystem, localmount service must be configured to be a dependency of swap service.
`profiles`	Optional	Some useful portage settings that may help speed up intial configuration.

如果你正在安装一个英文版的 Funtoo Linux，那就可以按照原样使用大部分的配置文件。如果你在安装其他语言的版本，不必担心，我们在 Funtoo Linux 本地化页面上写出了必要的准备步骤。如有需要，还有许多友好的帮助在等着你。（参见 Getting Help）

继续安装步骤。使用 nano -w <name_of_file> 来编辑文件 -- "-w" 指令会禁用自动换行，这样让编辑配置配置文件更顺手。你可以从示例文件中复制粘贴。

Warning

在重启之前编辑 /etc/fstab 是很重要的！你需要修改 fs 和 type 栏，让他们与你使用 gdisk 或 fdisk 创建的文件系统和分区相匹配。跳过这个步骤有可能会让 Funtoo Linux 无法正确启动。

/etc/localtime

/etc/localtime 用来明确你的机器处于哪个时区，默认是 UTC。如果想让 Funtoo Linux 系统使用当地时间，你需要将 {{|/etc/localtime}} 用一个符号链接指向你想要使用的时区。

(chroot) # ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/MST7MDT /etc/localtime

上面的命令会将时区设置为 Mountain Standard Time（包括夏令时）。用 ls /usr/share/zoneinfo 命令来显示可用的时区。其中也有子目录包含了以地区描述的时区。

/etc/conf.d/hwclock

如果你想让 Funtoo Linux 与 Windows 双系统启动，你需要编辑这个文件，把 clock 的值从 UTC 改为 local，原因是 Windows 在每次启动时都会将硬件时钟设置为本地时钟。其他一般的情况下，是不需要编辑这个文件的。

chroot # nano -w /etc/conf.d/hwclock

本地化

默认情况下，Funtoo Linux 被配置为启用 Unicode (UTF-8) ，并且对应了美国英语的本地化以及键盘布局。如果你想要将你的系统配置为非英语的环境和键盘布局，参见 Funtoo Linux 本地化。

Introducing Portage

Portage，是 Funtoo Linux 的包管理器，其中包含了一个叫做 emerge 的命令，这个命令可以用来从源码构建并安装包。也能同时管理好所有的依赖关系。你可以按照下面的说明调用 emerge：

chroot # emerge packagename

When you install a package by specifying its name in the command-line, Portage records its name in the /var/lib/portage/world file. It does so because it assumes that, since you have installed it by name, you want to consider it part of your system and want to keep the package updated in the future. This is a handy feature, since when packages are being added to the world set, we can update our entire system by typing:

chroot # ego sync
chroot # emerge -auDN @world

This is the "official" way to update your Funtoo Linux system. Above, we first update our Portage tree using git to grab the latest ebuilds (scripts), and then run an emerge command to update the world set of packages. The options specified tell emerge to:

a - show us what will be emerged, and ask us if we want to proceed
u - update the packages we specify -- don't emerge them again if they are already emerged.
D - Consider the entire dependency tree of packages when looking for updates. In other words, do a deep update.
N - Update any packages that have changed (new) USE settings.

Of course, sometimes we want to install a package but not add it to the world file. This is often done because you only want the package installed temporarily or because you know the package in question is a dependency of another package. If this behavior is desired, you call emerge like this:

chroot # emerge -1 packagename

高级用户可以看看 Emerge 的维基页面。

Prepare Disk

Funtoo Linux stage3 包含一个预建的 debian-sources 内核，使安装更快，更容易。要查看预装的内核版本，输入：

chroot # emerge -s debian-sources
Searching...    
[ Results for search key : debian-sources ]
[ Applications found : 1 ]

*  sys-kernel/debian-sources
      Latest version available: 5.9.6_p1
      Latest version installed: 5.9.6_p1
      Size of files: 118,723 kB
      Homepage:      https://packages.debian.org/unstable/kernel/
      Description:   Debian Sources (and optional binary kernel)
      License:       GPL-2

固件

此时，安装最新的 sys-kernel/linux-firmware 包是明智之举，因为各种驱动都依赖于固件 blobs 和指令。如果没有固件，Wi-Fi 卡、图形卡、网卡等硬件将无法正常工作或根本无法工作。如果使用 stage3 镜像，请执行以下步骤进行安装。如果使用 linux-firmware 镜像，则 linux-firmware 已经安装完毕。

chroot # emerge -av linux-firmware

Bootloader

How Booting Works

In order for Funtoo Linux to boot, it must detect the boot filesystem, root filesystem and swap. The most reliable way to do this is to use the UUID, or unique identifier, of the partitions holding these filesystems. We will use these UUID values in the /etc/fstab, which we will set up next.

The UUID allows Linux to find the right filesystem, even if it detects the disks differently or you move them around in your computer. Funtoo Linux uses a Linux kernel and initial RAM disk to boot, and to get everything set up, we need to set up /etc/fstab correctly, and then install the GRUB boot loader -- and there are two different commands for this, depending on whether you are using MBR or UEFI. Then, finally, we run ego boot update which is a Funtoo command that configures everything for us.

Label partitions

To see the UUIDs for your existing filesystems, type the following command:

root # ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 Jan 27 13:42 6883428138129353569 -> ../../sdb1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jan 27 13:42 CE4B-855D -> ../../nvme0n1p1
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jan 27 13:42 ac280eb5-1ea7-4742-9e71-9c7addd35c54 -> ../../nvme0n1p2
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 15 Jan 27 13:42 e5a76428-8b3f-4349-81af-cbe29c7f7d09 -> ../../nvme0n1p3

The UUIDs are listed to the left-hand side of the ->. Use these values for setting up the /etc/fstab file, below.

/etc/fstab

/etc/fstab is used by the mount command which is run when your system boots. Lines in this file inform mount about filesystems to be mounted and how they should be mounted. In order for the system to boot properly, you must edit /etc/fstab and ensure that it reflects the partition configuration you used earlier in the install process. If you can't remember the partition configuration that you used earlier:

chroot # nano -w /etc/fstab

/etc/fstab - An example fstab file

UUID=CE4B-855D                                  /boot         vfat    noauto,noatime  1 2
UUID=ac280eb5-1ea7-4742-9e71-9c7addd35c54       none          swap    sw              0 0
UUID=e5a76428-8b3f-4349-81af-cbe29c7f7d09       /             ext4    noatime         0 1

Important

Be sure to use the actual UUIDs from your system, not the example values above!

Note

If you mounted a /var or /home partition, add them to your fstab, or your system may not boot correctly.

boot.conf

/etc/boot.conf controls boot loader configuration in Funtoo and is used by ego boot. The default configuration is probably fine for you, so most can skip to the appropriate "GRUB Install" section, later on this page.

Here is what is in the file by default:

/etc/boot.conf

boot {
	generate grub
	default "Funtoo Linux"
	timeout 3
}

"Funtoo Linux" {
	kernel kernel[-v]
	initrd initramfs[-v]
	params += real_root=auto rootfstype=auto
}

"Funtoo Linux (nomodeset)" {
	kernel kernel[-v]
	initrd initramfs[-v]
	params += real_root=auto rootfstype=auto nomodeset
}

如果你需要自定义或者是从一个非默认的内核启动，请阅读 man boot.conf 来获得对你用帮助的信息。

nomodeset

You will notice after booting that you there will be a boot option in the GRUB menu for a "nomodeset" mode. We don't recommend you use this mode by default but it is available to you for a couple of good reasons:

For users with HiDPI (4K+) displays, especially laptops: If you have not set up a graphical environment, when the kernel automatically changes graphics modes, the console font can be tiny and unreadable.
For users with incompatible graphics cards: Some graphics cards don't handle mode setting properly and this can result in a blank screen after reboot. Use this boot option as a temporary workaround.

To use the nomodeset option, simply select that option from the GRUB menu when your system boots.

rootwait

If you are using a root partition on an nvme device, add the rootwait kernel parameter to force the kernel to wait for it to asynchronously initialize or the kernel will panic on some hardware.

Intel Microcode

ego boot will ensure that you have the most recent Intel CPU microcode installed on your system if you emerge the following packages. These will be merged for you already if you are using a desktop stage3:

chroot # emerge -av intel-microcode iucode_tool

This is not necessary for AMD systems.

GRUB Install: Old School (BIOS) MBR

When using "old school" BIOS booting, run the following command to install GRUB to your MBR, and generate the /boot/grub/grub.cfg configuration file that GRUB will use for booting:

chroot # grub-install --target=i386-pc --no-floppy /dev/sdX

GRUB Install: New School (UEFI) Boot Entry

If you're using "new school" UEFI booting, run of the following sets of commands, depending on whether you are installing a 64-bit or 32-bit system. This will add GRUB as a UEFI boot entry.

For x86-64bit systems:

chroot # mount -o remount,rw /sys/firmware/efi/efivars
chroot # grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id="Funtoo Linux [GRUB]" --recheck

For x86-32bit systems:

chroot # mount -o remount,rw /sys/firmware/efi/efivars
chroot # grub-install --target=i386-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id="Funtoo Linux [GRUB]" --recheck

Ego!

Now, let's run Funtoo's ego boot update command to get everything configured. This will detect the current kernel(s) on your system and create the necessary GRUB boot entries to get your system booted:

chroot # ego boot update

You only need to run grub-install when you first install Funtoo Linux, but you need to re-run ego boot update every time you modify your /etc/boot.conf. When you emerge updated kernels, ego boot update will be run automatically as part of the install process. This will regenerate /boot/grub/grub.cfg so that you will have new kernels available in your GRUB boot menu upon your next reboot.

Post reboot UEFI troubleshooting

In case UEFI NVRAM boot entry is missing in BIOS and grub does not start you can try moving an already installed GRUB EFI executable to the default/fallback path

chroot # mv -v '/boot/EFI/Funtoo Linux [GRUB]' /boot/EFI/BOOT
chroot # mv -v /boot/EFI/BOOT/grubx64.efi /boot/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX64.EFI

First Boot, and in the future...

OK -- you are almost ready to boot!

Network

重启系统之前，要确保能够连接网络。可以从 NetworkManager，dhcpcd，Funtoo Linux Networking 脚本这三个中自由选择。下面讲解如何通过想要设置的网络类型选择合适的方式。

Wi-Fi

Note

If using the gnome or other desktop install image, linux-firmware and NetworkManager are already installed and available. You can use nmtui to get Wi-Fi going if you need network connectivity prior to getting X and GNOME fully up and running. In addition, desktop stage3's have ZeroConf/Bonjour multicast DNS lookups enabled by default. Both these things will not be set up yet if you are using the basic stage3 image.

For laptop/mobile systems where you will be using Wi-Fi, roaming, and connecting to various networks, NetworkManager is strongly recommended. Since Wi-Fi cards require firmware to operate, it is also recommended that you emerge the linux-firmware ebuild if you have not done so already:

chroot # emerge linux-firmware networkmanager
chroot # rc-update add NetworkManager default

The above command will ensure that NetworkManager starts after you boot into Funtoo Linux. Once you've completed these installation steps and have booted into Funtoo Linux, you can use the nmtui command (which has an easy-to-use console-based interface) to configure NetworkManager so that it will connect (and automatically reconnect, after reboot) to a Wi-Fi access point:

chroot # nmtui

For more information about NetworkManager, see the NetworkManager package page.

桌面（有线 DHCP 连接）

对于一个使用 DHCP 进行有线网络连接的家庭电脑或者是工作站，最简单有效的启用网络方式，就是将 dhcpcd 添加至默认的 runlevel：

chroot # rc-update add dhcpcd default

重启系统后，dhcpcd 会在后台运行，管理所有的网络接口，并且通过 DHCP 服务从 DHCP 服务器获得网络地址。

如果你的 DHCP 上游的服务器是 dnsmasq，那么它可以设置为通过 MAC 地址给终端分配地址，这样就能使用 DHCP 上的服务器。

服务器（静态 IP）

For servers, the Funtoo Linux Networking scripts are the supported option for network configuration, and they have their own documentation. They are optimized for static configurations and things like virtual Ethernet bridging for virtualization setups. See Funtoo Linux Networking for information on how to use Funtoo Linux's template-based network configuration system.

Hostname

By default Funtoo uses "localhost" as hostname. Although the system will work perfectly fine using this name, some ebuilds refuse to install when detecting localhost as hostname. It also may create confusion if several systems use the same hostname. Therefore, it is advised to change it to a more meaningful name. The hostname itself is arbitrary, meaning you can choose almost any combination of characters, as long as it makes sense to the system administrator. To change the hostname, edit

chroot # nano /etc/conf.d/hostname

修改以主机名开头的行。保存文件，下一次 Funtoo Linux 启动的时候就将使用新的主机名。

Warning

Hostnames can be up to 63 characters long and may use the following characters: a-z, 0-9 and hyphens (-). However, the hyphen may not be the first or last character.

Finishing Up

设置根用户密码

重启前一定要设置好 root 密码，这样才能登录。

chroot # passwd
New password: **********
Retype new password: **********
passwd: password updated successfully

创建常规用户

It's also a good idea to create a regular user for daily use. If you're using GNOME, this is a requirement as you cannot log in to GDM (The GNOME Display Manager) as root. This can be accomplished as follows:

chroot # useradd -m drobbins

You will also likely want to add your primary user to one or more supplemental groups. Here is a list of important groups and their effect:

Group	Description
`wheel`	Allows your user account to '`su`' to root. Recommended on your primary user account for easy maintenance. Also used with `sudo`.
`audio`	Allows your user account to directly access audio devices. Required if using ALSA; otherwise optional.
`video`	Allows your user account to directly access video devices. Required for certain video drivers and webcams.
`plugdev`	Allows your user account work with various removable devices. Allows adding of a WiFi network in GNOME without providing root password. Recommended for desktop users.
`portage`	Allows extended use of Portage as regular user. Recommended.

To add your user to multiple groups, use the usermod command, specifying a complete group list:

chroot # usermod -G wheel,audio,plugdev,portage drobbins

和 root 账户一样，不要忘记设置密码。

chroot # passwd drobbins
New password: **********
Retype new password: **********
passwd: password updated successfully

安装熵发生器

Linux 内核使用各种来源，如用户输入来产生熵，而熵又用于产生随机数。加密通信可能会使用大量的熵，往往你的系统产生的熵量是不够的。这通常是无头服务器系统上的问题，其中也可以包括 Raspberry Pi 等 ARM 系统，并可能导致比正常的 ssh 连接更慢等问题。

To compensate for this, a user-space entropy generator can be emerged and enabled at boot time. We will use haveged in this example, although others are available, such as rng-tools.

chroot # emerge haveged
chroot # rc-update add haveged default

Haveged will now start at boot and will augment the Linux kernel's entropy pool.

重启系统

现在退出 chroot 环境，卸载 Funtoo Linux 分区和文件，重启电脑。重启后，GRUB 启动引导器会启动，并加载 Linux 内核及 initramfs，之后系统会开始启动。

离开 chroot 环境，将当前工作目录更改为 /mnt，卸载 Funtoo 分区，并且重启电脑。

chroot # exit
root # cd /mnt
root # umount -lR funtoo
root # reboot

If you used manual chroot steps, you can use the following sequence of commands prepare to restart:

chroot # exit
root # cd /mnt
root # umount -lR funtoo

Now, you are ready to reboot into Funtoo:

root # reboot

现在应该可以看到已经系统重启，过几秒 GRUB 引导器界面会显示，接下来能看到 Linux 内核以及 initramfs 加载。之后，应该可以看到 Funtoo Linux 启动。并且应该看到 login: 提示。至此即成功安装了 Funtoo Linux。

Profiles

Once you have rebooted into Funtoo Linux, you can further customize your system to your needs by using Funtoo Profiles. A quick introduction to profiles is included below -- consult the Funtoo Profiles page for more detailed information. There are five basic profile types: arch, build, subarch, flavors and mix-ins:

Sub-Profile Type	Description
`arch`	Typically `x86-32bit` or `x86-64bit`, this defines the processor type and support of your system. This is defined when your stage was built and should not be changed.
`build`	Defines whether your system is a `current`, `stable` or `experimental` build. At the moment, all Funtoo Linux builds use the `funtoo-current` build profile.
`subarch`	Defines CPU optimizations for your system. The subarch is set at the time the stage3 is built, but can be changed later to better settings if necessary. Be sure to pick a setting that is compatible with your CPU.
`flavor`	Defines the general type of system, such as `server` or `desktop`, and will set default USE flags appropriate for your needs.
`mix-ins`	Defines various optional settings that you may be interested in enabling.

One arch, build and flavor must be set for each Funtoo Linux system, while mix-ins are optional and you can enable more than one if desired. Often, flavors and mix-ins inherit settings from other sub-profiles. Use epro show to view your current profile settings, in addition to any inheritance information.

Note

It's recommended that your run this command now, particularly if you are using the gnome install image, in order to familiarize yourself with the current profile settings on your system.

root # epro show

=== Enabled Profiles: ===

        arch:  x86-64bit
       build:  current
     subarch:  intel64-haswell
      flavor:  desktop
     mix-ins:  gnome


=== All inherited flavors from desktop flavor: ===

                     workstation (from desktop flavor)
                            core (from workstation flavor)
                         minimal (from core flavor)

=== All inherited mix-ins from desktop flavor: ===

                               X (from workstation flavor)
                           audio (from workstation flavor)
                             dvd (from workstation flavor)
                           media (from workstation flavor)
      mediadevice-audio-consumer (from media mix-in)
                mediadevice-base (from mediadevice-audio-consumer mix-in)
      mediadevice-video-consumer (from media mix-in)
                mediadevice-base (from mediadevice-video-consumer mix-in)
        mediaformat-audio-common (from media mix-in)
          mediaformat-gfx-common (from media mix-in)
        mediaformat-video-common (from media mix-in)
                  console-extras (from workstation flavor)
                           print (from desktop flavor)

Here are some basic examples of epro usage:

Description	Command
View available profiles. Enabled profiles will be highlighted in cyan. Directly enabled profiles will be in bold and have a `*` appended.	`epro list`
Change the system flavor.	`epro flavor desktop`
Add a mix-in.	`epro mix-in +gnome`

Graphics Settings

Note

The gnome install image will have additional graphic support already enabled for you, but you will still need to set up X and your display manager (covered in the next section.)

Funtoo Linux 1.4 features the following mix-ins to allow simplified configuration of your graphics settings. It's recommended to use these mix-ins rather than manually placing USE and VIDEO_CARDS settings in /etc/make.conf. You can learn more about Funtoo's graphics configuration and the design approach of these settings at the make.conf/VIDEO_CARDS page.

Funtoo Graphics Mix-Ins

gfxcard-intel: This mix-in is equivalent to gfxcard-intel-classic or gfxcard-intel-iris, depending on the release you're running. Currently, it defaults to gfxcard-intel-classic on 1.4-release and to gfxcard-intel-classic on Next release. Do not enable more than 1 gfxcard-intel* mix-in at the same time. The result is not what you might expect.
gfxcard-intel-classic: This mix-in enables Intel graphics support based on the older i915 mesa driver (not to be confused with the i915 kernel driver). Choose this if you have a Gen3 or older chipset.
gfxcard-intel-iris: This mix-in enables Intel graphics support for cards with glamor modesetting support (drivers i965 or iris), including support OpenGL ES (>=Gen4) and OpenCL and Vulkan (>=Gen7) and video acceleration where available. If your card is >=Gen5, do an emerge libva-intel-driver or emerge media-libs/libva-intel-media-driver (for >=Gen8) afterwards to ensure you have full video acceleration support.
gfxcard-amdgpu: This mix-in enables support for modern Radeon cards, Southern Islands -- GFX Core 6 (see this x.org reference) and greater. Includes Vulkan and video acceleration where available. Drivers are built for both the Gallium framework (modern replacement for DRI framework) and DRI framework. Glamor is used to accelerate 2D operations.
gfxcard-radeon: This mix-in enables support for modern Radeon cards, R600 through Northern Islands -- GFX Core 4 and 5 (see this x.org reference). Drivers are built for the Gallium framework (modern replacement for DRI framework) as well as DRI framework. Glamor is used to accelerate 2D operations.
gfxcard-older-ati: Use this mix-in to enable support for R300 up to (but not including) R600 Radeon cards -- -- GFX Core 3 (see this x.org reference). DRI as well as Gallium-based drivers are enabled.
gfxcard-ancient-ati: Use this mix-in to enable support pre-R300 cards -- GFX Core 1 and 2 (see this x.org reference). These drivers are DRI-based.
gfxcard-nvidia: Use this to enable support for proprietary NVIDIA drivers. You will also need to emerge nvidia-kernel-modules, blacklist nouveau and add yourself to the video group. See this documentation for more details. Note that Funtoo now has two catpkgs for NVIDIA proprietary graphics -- nvidia-drivers and nvidia-kernel-modules -- to aid the use of NVIDIA acceleration on containers.
gfxcard-nvidia-legacy: Proprietary NVIDIA drivers like above, but the legacy version of the driver that supports older hardware. See https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/drivers/unix/ and browse the specific driver version that emerge is installing to get detailed compatibility information.
gfxcard-nouveau: Use this mix-in to enable support for Open Source nouveau drivers.

Enable the appropriate graphics options for your hardware as follows:

root # epro mix-in +gfxcard-intel

完成后，继续在系统上根据需要设置 X、KDE、GNOME 或其他桌面环境。更多信息参见下一节。

All Done!

如果你是第一次接触 Funtoo Linux 和 Gentoo Linux，请查看 Funtoo Linux First Steps，它将帮助你熟悉你的新系统。

Important

If you are using the gnome install image, please see the "A few finishing touches" section of the GNOME setup docs in order to continue setting up your graphical environment.

你可能还对以下资源感兴趣：

Chroot_and_Containers setting up 32 bit containers to run wine, and STEAM.
Security - tips for securing your system
Btrfs - a simple guide for setting up btrfs on your new Funtoo Linux system.
official documentation, which includes all docs that we officially maintain for installation and operation of Funtoo Linux.

We also have a number of pages dedicated to setting up your system. See the First Steps Category for a list of these pages.

If your system did not boot correctly, see Installation Troubleshooting for steps you can take to resolve the problem.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+<languages/>
+<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">
+{{Note|Translators: Thank you for your help! Please use the {{Install|section-by-section guide}} as the basis for your translations. Thanks again!}}
+{{DISPLAYTITLE:Funtoo Linux Installation Guide}}
+</div>
 {{#widget:AddThis}}
-= Install Funtoo Linux =
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Introduction}}
-__NOTITLE__
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Download LiveCD}}
-<languages/>
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Prepare Disk}}
-{{Announce|To help us translate this documentation, {{CreateAccount}}, log in to the wiki. Then go to Actions -> Translate in the menu, or click the "Translate this page" link, above. You will be able to select small parts of the install docs and translate these parts to your native language.}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|MBR Partitioning}}
-== 介绍 ==
+{{translated_subpage|Install|GPT Partitioning}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Creating Filesystems}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Mounting Filesystems}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Setting the Date}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Download and Extract Stage3}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Chroot}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Download Portage Tree}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Configuration Files}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Introducing Portage}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Kernel}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Bootloader}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Network}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Finishing}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Profiles}}
+{{translated_subpage|Install|Done}}
-这篇文章指导你如何在 PC 兼容机器上安装 Funtoo Linux 系统，我们将只进行包含基本系统配置的最小化安装。
+[[Category:HOWTO]]
+[[Category:Install]]
-如果你曾经有过 Gentoo Linux 的安装经验，你会发现很多步骤是相似的。但由于两者安装过程有些许不同，还是建议你通读本文。如果你是第一次安装 Gentoo 系 Linux 发行版，甚至第一次接触 Linux，也没有关系，我们会尽力让安装指南对于纯新手友好。
+[[Category:Official Documentation]]
-{{Note|如果你在 [[Funtoo Linux Installation on ARM|ARM]] 架构的机器上安装 Funtoo Linux，请阅读  [[Funtoo Linux Installation on ARM]] 这篇文章，以了解不同之处。}}
-== 安装步骤 ==
-下面介绍Funtoo Linux安装的基本步骤：
-# [[#Live CD|准备 Live CD]]
-# [[#Prepare Hard Disk|准备硬盘]]
-# [[#Creating filesystems|创建]] 并 [[#Mounting filesystems|挂载]] 文件系统
-# [[#Installing the Stage 3 tarball|安装 Stage 3 文件包]]
-# [[#Chroot into Funtoo|Chroot 进入新系统]]
-# [[#Downloading the Portage tree|下载 Portage 源码树]]
-# [[#Configuring your system|系统配置]] 和 [[#Configuring your network|网络配置]]
-# [[#Configuring and installing the Linux kernel|安装 Linux 内核]]
-# [[#Installing a Bootloader|安装系统引导程序]]
-# [[#Finishing Steps|最后扫尾工作]]
-# [[#Restart your system|重启系统]]
-=== Live CD ===
-为了安装 Funtoo Linux，你首先要使用一个基于 Linux 的 Live CD 或者 USB 介质启动电脑。我们推荐你使用 Gentoo 系的 [http://www.sysresccd.org/ System Rescue CD]，因为它包含大量的工具，并且同时支持32位和64位的系统，你可以将它烧录在 CD/DVD 或者 USB 介质中，从这里下载它的 ISO 镜像文件：
-* Download from '''[http://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/funtoo/distfiles/sysresccd/sysresccd-4.7.0_zfs_0.6.5.4.iso osuosl.org]'''
-* Download from '''[http://build.funtoo.org/distfiles/sysresccd/sysresccd-4.7.0_zfs_0.6.5.4.iso funtoo.org]'''
-{{重要提示|'''无显示''': System Rescue CD 以 UEFIgig方式启动时可能无法正确初始化显卡。 (请查阅 {{bug|FL-2030}}.) 如果如此，请在System Rescue CD启动 GRUB 菜单时, 输入 {{c|e}}编辑 GRUB 启动行并添加{{c|insmod all_video}} 然后再启动系统。这个问题已经提交到System Rescue CD 的开发者。}}
-{{提示|如果使用老一些 版本 System Rescue CD进行启动, '''在你打算安装64位g系统时，一定要在启动菜单选择<code>rescue64</code> 内核进行启动。'''。缺省情况下，, System Rescue CD 以32位模式启动，并且能够自动识别64位CPU。}}
-连接网络
-如果已经成功启动System Rescue CD，请确认是否连接到Internet，因为安装 Funtoo Linux需要互联网:
-<console>
-# ##i##ping www.google.com
-PING www.google.com (216.58.217.36) 56(84) bytes of data.
-bytes from den03s10-in-f4.1e100.net (216.58.217.36): icmp_seq=1 ttl=57 time=30.1 ms
-</console>
-如果能够ping通外网 (检查<code>64 bytes</code> 信息,) 表示网络连接正常。 输入 Control-C停止ping程序。
-如果以WiFi方式连接互联网，System Rescue CD 必须要运行图形界面。可以运行 <code>startx</code> 命令来启动图形界面:
-<console>
-# ##i##startx
-</console>
-[[File:NetworkManagerIcon.PNG|left|caption]]
-Then, use the NetworkManager applet (icon in lower right of graphical session, in taskbar) to connect to a WiFi network of your choice. Next, open a terminal inside your graphical environment, and you should be able to use the terminal to complete the rest of the steps.
-==== Remote Install ====
-Alternatively, you can log into System Rescue CD over the network via SSH to perform the install from another computer, and this may be more convenient way to install Funtoo Linux.
-If you'd like to complete the install remotely, here's how. First, you will need to ensure that System Rescue CD has a functioning network connection. Then, you will need to set a root password for System Rescue CD:
-{{console|body=
-###i## passwd
-New password: ##i##********
-Retype new password: ##i##********
-passwd: password updated successfully
-}}
-Once you have typed in a password, you will now need to determine the IP address of System Rescue CD, and then you can use {{c|ssh}} to connect to it. To determine the IP address currently being used by System Rescue CD, type {{c|ifconfig}}:
-{{console|body=
-###i## ifconfig
-}}
-One of the interfaces should have an IP address (listed as {{c|inet addr:}}) from your LAN. You can then connect remotely, from another system on your LAN, to System Rescue CD, and perform steps from the comfort of an existing OS. On your remote system, type the following, replacing {{c|1.2.3.4}} with the IP address of System Rescue CD. Connecting from an existing Linux or MacOS system would look something like this:
-{{console|body=
-(remote system) $ ##i##ssh root@1.2.3.4
-Password: ##i##**********}}
-{{Note|If you'd like to connect remotely from an existing Microsoft Windows system, you'll need to download an SSH client for Windows, such as [http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/ PuTTY].}}
-After you've logged in via SSH, you're now connected remotely to System Rescue CD and can perform the installation steps.
-=== Prepare Hard Disk ===
-In this section, we'll learn about the different ways that Funtoo Linux can boot from a hard disk. By "boot", we mean the process by which Linux starts after you press the power button on your desktop, laptop or server. You can think of "booting" as a process that starts with your computer's firmware (built-in software) running, and then "finding" the Linux kernel and running it. The Linux kernel then takes over, identifies all your hardware, and starts.
-==== Background ====
-{{Note|If you are an absolute beginner to Linux, you may be less confused if you skip to the next section, [[#Which to Use?|Which to Use?]]}}
-In earlier times, there was only one way to boot a PC-compatible computer. All of our desktops and servers had standard firmware called the "PC BIOS," all our hard drives used Master Boot Records at the beginning of the disk, where the PC BIOS would "look" to find boot loader code which would in turn load Linux, and our hard drives were partitioned into different regions using the standard MBR partition scheme. That was just how it was done. And we liked it that way!
-Then, along came EFI and UEFI, which are new-style firmware designed to boot systems, along with GPT partition tables to define disk partitions on disks larger than 2.2TB. All of the sudden, we had a variety of options for installing and booting Linux systems, turning what once was a one-method-fits-all approach into something a lot more complex.
-Let's take a moment to review the options available to you for configuring a hard drive to boot Funtoo Linux. This Install Guide uses, and recommends, the old-school method of BIOS booting and using an MBR. It works and (except for rare cases) is universally supported. There's nothing wrong with it. If your system disk is 2TB or smaller in size, it won't prevent you from using all of your disk's capacity, either.
-But, there are some situations where the old-school method isn't optimal. If you have a system disk >2TB in size, then MBR partitions won't allow you to access all your storage. So that's one reason. Another reason is that there are some so-called "PC" systems out there that don't support BIOS booting anymore, and force you to use UEFI to boot. So, out of compassion for people who fall into this predicament, this Install Guide documents UEFI booting too.
-Our recommendation is still to go old-school unless you have reason not to. The boot loader we will be using to load the Linux kernel in this guide is called GRUB, so we call this method the '''BIOS + GRUB (MBR)''' method. It's the traditional method of setting up a PC-compatible system to boot Linux.
-If you need to use UEFI to boot, we recommend not using the MBR at all for booting, as some systems support this, but others don't. Instead, we recommend using UEFI to boot GRUB, which in turn will load Linux. We refer to this method as the '''UEFI + GRUB (GPT)''' method.
-And yes, there are even more methods, some of which are documented on the [[Boot Methods]] page. We used to recommend a '''BIOS + GRUB (GPT)''' method but it is not consistently supported across a wide variety of hardware.
-==== Which to Use? ====
-'''The big question is -- which boot method should you use?''' Here's how to tell.
-;Principle 1 - Old School: If you can reliably boot System Rescue CD and it shows you an initial light blue menu, you are booting the CD using the BIOS, and it's likely that you can thus boot Funtoo Linux using the BIOS. So, go old-school and use BIOS booting, ''unless'' you have some reason to use UEFI, such as having a >2.2TB system disk. In that case, see Principle 2, as your system may also support UEFI booting.
-;Principle 2 - New School: If you can reliably boot System Rescue CD and it shows you an initial black and white menu -- congratulations, your system is configured to support UEFI booting. This means that you are ready to install Funtoo Linux to boot via UEFI. Your system may still support BIOS booting, but just be trying UEFI first. You can poke around in your BIOS boot configuration and play with this.
-{{Note|'''Advanced Users May Wonder:''' What's the Big Difference between Old School and New School?: Here's the deal. If you go with old-school MBR partitions, your {{f|/boot}} partition will be an ext2 filesystem, and you'll use {{c|fdisk}} to create your MBR partitions. If you go with new-school GPT partitions and UEFI booting, your {{f|/boot}} partition will be a vfat filesystem, because this is what UEFI is able to read, and you will use {{c|gdisk}} to create your GPT partitions. And you'll install GRUB a bit differently. That's about all it comes down to, in case you were curious.}}
-To install Funtoo Linux to boot via the New School UEFI method, you must boot System Rescue CD using UEFI. If you successfully boot sysresccd with UEFI, you will see an initial black and white screen to select the mode in which you will boot system rescue cd. Otherwise, if you see a blue screen with black text, UEFI will not be active and you will not be able to set up UEFI booting later in the install process!
-{{Note|'''Some motherboards may appear to support UEFI, but don't.''' Do your research. For example, the Award BIOS in my Gigabyte GA-990FXA-UD7 rev 1.1 has an option to enable UEFI boot for CD/DVD. '''This is not sufficient for enabling UEFI boot for hard drives and installing Funtoo Linux.''' UEFI must be supported for both removable media (so you can boot System Rescue CD using UEFI) as well as fixed media (so you can boot your new Funtoo Linux installation.) It turns out that later revisions of this board (rev 3.0) have a new BIOS that fully supports UEFI boot.  This may point to a third principle -- know thy hardware.}}
-==== Old-School (BIOS/MBR) Method ====
-{{Note|Use this method if you are booting using your BIOS, and if your System Rescue CD initial boot menu was light blue. If you're going to use the new-school method, [[#New-School (UEFI/GPT) Method|click here to jump down to UEFI/GPT.]]}}
-First, it's a good idea to make sure that you've found the correct hard disk to partition. Try this command and verify that {{f|/dev/sda}} is the disk that you want to partition:
-{{console|body=
-###i## fdisk -l /dev/sda
-Disk /dev/sda: 640.1 GB, 640135028736 bytes, 1250263728 sectors
-Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
-Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
-I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
-Disk label type: gpt
-#         Start          End    Size  Type            Name
-         2048   1250263694  596.2G  Linux filesyste Linux filesystem
-}}
-Now, it is recommended that you erase any existing MBR or GPT partition tables on the disk, which could confuse the system's BIOS at boot time. We accomplish this using {{c|sgdisk}}:
-{{Warning|This will make any existing partitions inaccessible! You are '''strongly''' cautioned and advised to backup any critical data before proceeding.}}
-{{console|body=
-###i## sgdisk --zap-all /dev/sda
-Creating new GPT entries.
-GPT data structures destroyed! You may now partition the disk using fdisk or
-other utilities.
-}}
-This output is also nothing to worry about, as the command still succeded:
-{{console|body=
-***************************************************************
-Found invalid GPT and valid MBR; converting MBR to GPT format
-in memory.
-***************************************************************
-}}Now we will use {{c|fdisk}} to create the MBR partition table and partitions:
-{{console|body=
-###i## fdisk /dev/sda
-}}
-Within {{c|fdisk}}, follow these steps:
-'''Empty the partition table''':
-{{console|body=
-Command (m for help): ##i##o ↵
-}}
-'''Create Partition 1''' (boot):
-{{console|body=
-Command (m for help): ##i##n ↵
-Partition type (default p): ##i##↵
-Partition number (1-4, default 1): ##i##↵
-First sector: ##i##↵
-Last sector: ##i##+128M ↵
-}}
-'''Create Partition 2''' (swap):
-{{console|body=
-Command (m for help): ##i##n ↵
-Partition type (default p): ##i##↵
-Partition number (2-4, default 2): ##i##↵
-First sector: ##i##↵
-Last sector: ##i##+2G ↵
-Command (m for help): ##i##t ↵
-Partition number (1,2, default 2): ##i## ↵
-Hex code (type L to list all codes): ##i##82 ↵
-}}
-'''Create the root partition:'''
-{{console|body=
-Command (m for help): ##i##n ↵
-Partition type (default p): ##i##↵
-Partition number (3,4, default 3): ##i##↵
-First sector: ##i##↵
-Last sector: ##i##↵
-}}
-'''Verify the partition table:'''
-{{console|body=
-Command (m for help): ##i##p
-Disk /dev/sda: 298.1 GiB, 320072933376 bytes, 625142448 sectors
-Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
-Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
-I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
-Disklabel type: dos
-Disk identifier: 0x82abc9a6
-Device    Boot     Start       End    Blocks  Id System
-/dev/sda1           2048    264191    131072  83 Linux
-/dev/sda2         264192   4458495   2097152  82 Linux swap / Solaris
-/dev/sda3        4458496 625142447 310341976  83 Linux
-}}
-'''Write the parition table to disk:'''
-{{console|body=Command (m for help): ##i##w}}
-Your new MBR partition table will now be written to your system disk.
-{{Note|You're done with partitioning! Now, jump over to [[#Creating filesystems|Creating filesystems]].}}
-==== New-School (UEFI/GPT) Method ====
-{{Note|Use this method if you are interested in booting using UEFI, and if your System Rescue CD initial boot menu was black and white. If it was light blue, this method will not work.}}
-The {{c|gdisk}} commands to create a GPT partition table are as follows. Adapt sizes as necessary, although these defaults will work for most users. Start {{c|gdisk}}:
-{{console|body=###i## gdisk /dev/sda}}
-Within {{c|gdisk}}, follow these steps:
-'''Create a new empty partition table''' (This ''will'' erase all data on the disk when saved):
-{{console|body=
-Command: ##i##o ↵
-This option deletes all partitions and creates a new protective MBR.
-Proceed? (Y/N): ##i##y ↵
-}}
-'''Create Partition 1''' (boot):
-{{console|body=
-Command: ##i##n ↵
-Partition Number: ##i##1 ↵
-First sector: ##i##↵
-Last sector: ##i##+500M ↵
-Hex Code: ##i##EF00 ↵
-}}
-'''Create Partition 2''' (swap):
-{{console|body=
-Command: ##i##n ↵
-Partition Number: ##i##2 ↵
-First sector: ##i##↵
-Last sector: ##i##+4G ↵
-Hex Code: ##i##8200 ↵
-}}
-'''Create Partition 3''' (root):
-{{console|body=
-Command: ##i##n ↵
-Partition Number: ##i##3 ↵
-First sector: ##i##↵
-Last sector: ##i##↵##!i## (for rest of disk)
-Hex Code: ##i##↵
-}}
-Along the way, you can type "{{c|p}}" and hit Enter to view your current partition table. If you make a mistake, you can type "{{c|d}}" to delete an existing partition that you created. When you are satisfied with your partition setup, type "{{c|w}}" to write your configuration to disk:
-'''Write Partition Table To Disk''':
-{{console|body=
-Command: ##i##w ↵
-Do you want to proceed? (Y/N): ##i##Y ↵
-}}The partition table will now be written to the disk and {{c|gdisk}} will close.
-Now, your GPT/GUID partitions have been created, and will show up as the following ''block devices'' under Linux:
-* {{c|/dev/sda1}}, which will be used to hold the {{c|/boot}} filesystem,
-* {{c|/dev/sda2}}, which will be used for swap space, and
-* {{c|/dev/sda3}}, which will hold your root filesystem.
-{{Tip|You can verify that the block devices above were correctly created by running the command {{c|lsblk}}.}}
-==== Creating filesystems ====
-{{Note|This section covers both BIOS ''and'' UEFI installs. Don't skip it!}}
-Before your newly-created partitions can be used, the block devices that were created in the previous step need to be initialized with filesystem ''metadata''. This process is known as ''creating a filesystem'' on the block devices. After filesystems are created on the block devices, they can be mounted and used to store files.
-Let's keep this simple. Are you using old-school MBR partitions? If so, let's create an ext2 filesystem on {{f|/dev/sda1}}:
-{{console|body=###i## mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda1}}
-If you're using new-school GPT partitions for UEFI, you'll want to create a vfat filesystem on {{c|/dev/sda1}}, because this is what UEFI is able to read:
-{{console|body=###i## mkfs.vfat -F 32 /dev/sda1}}
-Now, let's create a swap partition. This partition will be used as disk-based virtual memory for your Funtoo Linux system.
-You will not create a filesystem on your swap partition, since it is not used to store files. But it is necessary to initialize it using the {{c|mkswap}} command. Then we'll run the {{c|swapon}} command to make your newly-initialized swap space immediately active within the live CD environment, in case it is needed during the rest of the install process:
-{{console|body=
-# ##i##mkswap /dev/sda2
-# ##i##swapon /dev/sda2
-}}Now, we need to create a root filesystem. This is where Funtoo Linux will live. We generally recommend ext4 or XFS root filesystems. If you're not sure, choose ext4. Here's how to create a root ext4 filesystem:
-{{console|body=###i## mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3}}
-...and here's how to create an XFS root filesystem, if you prefer to use XFS instead of ext4:
-{{console|body=###i## mkfs.xfs /dev/sda3}}
-Your filesystems (and swap) have all now been initialized, so that that can be mounted (attached to your existing directory heirarchy) and used to store files. We are ready to begin installing Funtoo Linux on these brand-new filesystems.
-{{Warning|When deploying an OpenVZ host, please use ext4 exclusively. The Parallels development team tests extensively with ext4, and modern versions of {{c|openvz-rhel6-stable}} are '''not''' compatible with XFS, and you may experience kernel bugs.}}
-==== Mounting filesystems ====
-Mount the newly-created filesystems as follows, creating {{c|/mnt/funtoo}} as the installation mount point:
-{{console|body=
-###i## mkdir /mnt/funtoo
-###i## mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/funtoo
-###i## mkdir /mnt/funtoo/boot
-###i## mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/funtoo/boot
-}}
-Optionally, if you have a separate filesystem for {{f|/home}} or anything else:
-{{console|body=
-###i## mkdir /mnt/funtoo/home
-###i## mount /dev/sda4 /mnt/funtoo/home
-}}
-If you have {{f|/tmp}} or {{f|/var/tmp}} on a separate filesystem, be sure to change the permissions of the mount point to be globally-writeable after mounting, as follows:
-{{console|body=###i## chmod 1777 /mnt/funtoo/tmp}}
-==== Setting the Date ====
-{{Important|If your system's date and time are too far off (typically by months or years,) then it may prevent Portage from properly downloading source tarballs. This is because some of our sources are downloaded via HTTPS, which use SSL certificates and are marked with an activation and expiration date. However, if your system time is relatively close to correct, you can probably skip this step for now.}}
-Now is a good time to verify the date and time are correctly set to UTC. Use the {{c|date}} command to verify the date and time:
-{{console|body=
-###i## date
-Fri Jul 15 19:47:18 UTC 2011
-}}
-If the date and/or time need to be corrected, do so using {{c|date MMDDhhmmYYYY}}, keeping in mind {{c|hhmm}} are in 24-hour format. The example below changes the date and time to "July 16th, 2011 @ 8:00PM" UTC:
-{{console|body=
-###i## date 071620002011
-Fri Jul 16 20:00:00 UTC 2011
-}}
-Once you have set the system clock, it's a very good idea to copy the time to the hardware clock, so it persists across reboots:
-{{console|body=###i## hwclock --systohc}}
-=== Installing the Stage 3 tarball ===
-Now that filesystems are created and your hardware and system clock are set, the next step is downloading the initial Stage 3 tarball. The Stage 3 is a pre-compiled system used as a starting point to install Funtoo Linux.
-To download the correct build of Funtoo Linux for your system, head over to the [[Subarches]] page. Subarches are builds of Funtoo Linux that are designed to run on a particular type of CPU, to offer the best possible performance. They also take advantage of the instruction sets available for each CPU.
-The [[Subarches]] page lists all CPU-optimized versions of Funtoo Linux. Find the one that is appropriate for the type of CPU that your system has, and then click on its name in the first column (such as {{c|corei7}}, for example.) You will then go to a page dedicated to that subarch, and the available stage3's available for download will be listed. If you are using a virtualization technology to run Funtoo Linux, and your VM may migrate to different types of hardware, then it's recommended that you use a stage3 that is optimized for the oldest CPU instruction set that your VM will run on, or a generic image if it may run on both AMD and Intel processors.
-For most subarches, you will have several stage3's available to choose from. This next section will help you understand which one to pick.
-==== Which Build? ====
-'''If you're not sure, pick {{c|funtoo-current}}.'''
-Funtoo Linux has various different 'builds':
-{{TableStart}}
-{{2ColHead|Build|Description}}
-<tr><td>{{c|funtoo-current}}</td><td>The most commonly-selected build of Funtoo Linux. Receives rapid updates and preferred by desktop users.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>{{c|funtoo-stable}}</td><td>Emphasizes less-frequent package updates and trusted, reliable versions of packages over the latest versions.</td></tr>
-{{TableEnd}}
-==== Which Variant? ====
-'''If you're not sure, pick {{c|standard}}.'''
-Our "regular" stage3's are listed with a variant of {{c|standard}}. The following variant builds are available:
-{{TableStart}}
-{{2ColHead|Variant|Description}}
-<tr><td>{{c|standard}}</td><td>The "standard" version of Funtoo Linux</td></tr>
-<tr><td>{{c|pure64}}</td><td>A 64-bit build that drops multilib (32-bit compatibility) support. Can be ideal for server systems.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>{{c|hardened}}</td><td>Includes PIE/SSP toolchain for enhanced security. PIE does require the use of PaX in the kernel, while SSP works with any kernel, and provides enhanced security in user-space to avoid stack-based exploits. For expert users.</td></tr>
-{{TableEnd}}
-==== Download the Stage3 ====
-Once you have found the stage3 that you would like to download, use {{c|wget}} to download the Stage 3 tarball you have chosen to use as the basis for your new Funtoo Linux system. It should be saved to the {{f|/mnt/funtoo}} directory as follows:
-{{console|body=
-###i## cd /mnt/funtoo
-###i## wget http://build.funtoo.org/funtoo-current/x86-64bit/generic_64/stage3-latest.tar.xz
-}}
-Note that 64-bit systems can run 32-bit or 64-bit stages, but 32-bit systems can only run 32-bit stages. Make sure that you select a Stage 3 build that is appropriate for your CPU. If you are not certain, it is a safe bet to choose the {{c|generic_64}} or {{c|generic_32}} stage. Consult the [[Subarches]] page for more information.
-Once the stage is downloaded, extract the contents with the following command, substituting in the actual name of your stage 3 tarball:
-{{console|body=
-###i## tar xpf stage3-latest.tar.xz
-}}{{Important|It is very important to use {{c|tar's}} "{{c|'''p'''}}" option when extracting the Stage 3 tarball - it tells {{c|tar}} to ''preserve'' any permissions and ownership that exist within the archive. Without this option, your Funtoo Linux filesystem permissions will be incorrect.}}
-=== Chroot into Funtoo ===
-To install Funtoo Linux, the {{c|chroot}} command is first used. The chroot command will "switch into" the new Funtoo Linux system, so the commands you execute after running "chroot" will run within your newly-extracted Funtoo Linux system.
-Before chrooting, there are a few things that need to be done to set up the chroot environment. You will need to mount {{f|/proc}}, {{f|/sys}} and {{f|/dev}} inside your new system. Use the following commands to do so:
-{{console|body=
-# ##i##cd /mnt/funtoo
-# ##i##mount -t proc none proc
-# ##i##mount --rbind /sys sys
-# ##i##mount --rbind /dev dev
-}}You'll also want to copy over {{f|resolv.conf}} in order to have proper resolution of Internet hostnames from inside the chroot:
-{{console|body=
-# ##i##cp /etc/resolv.conf /mnt/funtoo/etc/
-}}Now you can chroot into your new system. Use <code>env</code> before <code>chroot</code> to ensure that no environment settings from the installation media are pulled in to your new system:
-{{console|body=###i## env -i HOME=/root TERM=$TERM chroot . bash -l}}
-{{Note|For users of live CDs with 64-bit kernels installing 32-bit systems: Some software may use {{c|uname -r}} to check whether the system is 32 or 64-bit. You may want append linux32 to the chroot command as a workaround, but it's generally not needed.}}
-{{Important|If you receive the error "{{c|chroot: failed to run command `/bin/bash': Exec format error}}", it is most likely because you are running a 32-bit kernel and trying to execute 64-bit code. Make sure that you have selected the proper type of kernel when booting SystemRescueCD.}}
-It's also a good idea to change the default command prompt while inside the chroot. This will avoid confusion if you have to change terminals. Use this command:
-{{console|body=# ##i##export PS1="(chroot) $PS1"}}
-Test internet name resolution from within the chroot:
-{{console|body=###i## ping -c 5 google.com}}
-If you can't ping, make sure {{f|/etc/resolv.conf}} doesn't contain things like {{c|127.0.x.x}} addresses, if it does, change the {{c|127.0.x.x}} entry to {{c|8.8.8.8}} -- Google's public dns address.  Make sure to replace this with your dns of choice once the system is installed.
-Congratulations! You are now chrooted inside a Funtoo Linux system. Now it's time to get Funtoo Linux properly configured so that Funtoo Linux will start successfully, without any manual assistance, when your system is restarted.
-=== Downloading the Portage tree ===
-{{note|For an alternative way to do this, see [[Installing Portage From Snapshot]].}}
-Now it's time to install a copy of the Portage repository, which contains package scripts (ebuilds) that tell portage how to build and install thousands of different software packages. To create the Portage repository, simply run <code>emerge --sync</code> from within the chroot. This will automatically clone the portage tree from [https://github.com/funtoo/ports-2012 GitHub]:
-{{console|body=
-(chroot) ###i## emerge --sync
-}}
-{{important|If you receive the error with initial {{c|emerge --sync}} due to git protocol restrictions, set the {{c|SYNC}} variable in {{c|/etc/portage/make.conf}} to
-{{c|"https://github.com/funtoo/ports-2012.git"}}
-}}
-=== Configuring your system ===
-As is expected from a Linux distribution, Funtoo Linux has its share of configuration files. The one file you are absolutely required to edit in order to ensure that Funtoo Linux boots successfully is {{f|/etc/fstab}}. The others are optional.
-==== Using Nano ====
-The default editor included in the chroot environment is called {{c|nano}}. To edit one of the files below, run nano as follows:
-{{console|body=
-(chroot) ###i## nano /etc/fstab
-}}
-When in the editor, you can use arrow keys to move the cursor, and common keys like backspace and delete will work as expected. To save the file, press Control-X, and answer {{c|y}} when prompted to save the modified buffer if you would like to save your changes.
-==== Configuration Files ====
-Here are a full list of files that you may want to edit, depending on your needs:
-{{TableStart}}
-{{3ColHead|File|Do I need to change it?|Description}}
-<tr  class="danger">
-<td>{{c|/etc/fstab}}</td>
-<td>'''YES - required'''</td>
-<td>Mount points for all filesystems to be used at boot time. This file must reflect your disk partition setup. We'll guide you through modifying this file below.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-<td>{{c|/etc/localtime}}</td>
-<td>''Maybe - recommended''</td>
-<td>Your timezone, which will default to UTC if not set. This should be a symbolic link to something located under /usr/share/zoneinfo (e.g. /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Montreal) </td>
-</tr><tr>
-<td>{{c|/etc/make.conf}} (symlink) - also known as:<br/>{{c|/etc/portage/make.conf}}</td>
-<td>''Maybe - recommended''</td>
-<td>Parameters used by gcc (compiler), portage, and make. It's a good idea to set MAKEOPTS. This is covered later in this document. ''Note that it is normal for this file to be empty in Funtoo Linux, as many settings have been migrated to our enhanced profile system.''</td>
-</tr><tr>
-<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/hostname}}</td>
-<td>''Maybe - recommended''</td>
-<td>Used to set system hostname. Set the {{c|hostname}} variable to the fully-qualified (with dots, ie. {{c|foo.funtoo.org}}) name if you have one. Otherwise, set to the local system hostname (without dots, ie. {{c|foo}}). Defaults to {{c|localhost}} if not set.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-<td>{{c|/etc/hosts}}</td>
-<td>''No''</td>
-<td> You no longer need to manually set the hostname in this file. This file is automatically generated by {{c|/etc/init.d/hostname}}.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/keymaps}}</td>
-<td>Optional</td>
-<td>Keyboard mapping configuration file (for console pseudo-terminals). Set if you have a non-US keyboard. See [[Funtoo Linux Localization]].</td>
-</tr><tr>
-<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/hwclock}}</td>
-<td>Optional</td>
-<td>How the time of the battery-backed hardware clock of the system is interpreted (UTC or local time). Linux uses the battery-backed hardware clock to initialize the system clock when the system is booted.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/modules}}</td>
-<td>Optional</td>
-<td>Kernel modules to load automatically at system startup. Typically not required. See [[Additional Kernel Resources]] for more info.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-<td>{{c|/etc/conf.d/consolefont}}</td>
-<td>Optional</td>
-<td>Allows you to specify the default console font. To apply this font, enable the consolefont service by running rc-update add consolefont.</td>
-</tr><tr>
-<td>{{c|profiles}}</td>
-<td>Optional</td>
-<td>Some useful portage settings that may help speed up intial configuration.</td>
-</tr>
-{{TableEnd}}
-If you're installing an English version of Funtoo Linux, you're in luck, as most of the configuration files can be used as-is. If you're installing for another locale, don't worry. We will walk you through the necessary configuration steps on the [[Funtoo Linux Localization]] page, and if needed, there's always plenty of friendly, helpful support available. (See [[#Community portal|Community]])
-Let's go ahead and see what we have to do. Use {{c|nano -w <name_of_file>}} to edit files -- the "{{c|-w}}" argument disables word-wrapping, which is handy when editing configuration files. You can copy and paste from the examples.
-{{Warning|It's important to edit your {{c|/etc/fstab}} file before you reboot! You will need to modify both the "fs" and "type" columns to match the settings for your partitions and filesystems that you created with {{c|gdisk}} or {{c|fdisk}}. Skipping this step may prevent Funtoo Linux from booting successfully.}}
-==== /etc/fstab ====
-{{f|/etc/fstab}} is used by the {{c|mount}} command which is run when your system boots. Lines in this file inform {{c|mount}} about filesystems to be mounted and how they should be mounted. In order for the system to boot properly, you must edit {{f|/etc/fstab}} and ensure that it reflects the partition configuration you used earlier in the install process. If you can't remember the partition configuration that you used earlier, the {{c|lsblk}} command may be of help to you:
-{{console|body=
-(chroot) ###i## nano -w /etc/fstab
-}}
-{{file|name=/etc/fstab|desc=An example fstab file|body=
-# The root filesystem should have a pass number of either 0 or 1.
-# All other filesystems should have a pass number of 0 or greater than 1.
-#
-# NOTE: If your BOOT partition is ReiserFS, add the notail option to opts.
-#
-# See the manpage fstab(5) for more information.
-#
-# <fs>	     <mountpoint>  <type>  <opts>         <dump/pass>
-/dev/sda1    /boot         ext2    noauto,noatime 1 2
-/dev/sda2    none          swap    sw             0 0
-/dev/sda3    /             ext4    noatime        0 1
-#/dev/cdrom  /mnt/cdrom    auto    noauto,ro      0 0
-}}
-{{Note|Currently, our default {{f|/etc/fstab}}file  has the root filesystem as {{c|/dev/sda4}} and the swap partition as {{c|/dev/sda3}}. These will need to be changed to {{c|/dev/sda3}} and {{c|/dev/sda2}}, respectively.}}
-{{Note|If you're using UEFI to boot, change the {{f|/dev/sda1}} line so that it says {{c|vfat}} instead of {{c|ext2}}. Similarly, make sure that the {{f|/dev/sda3}} line specifies either {{c|xfs}} or {{c|ext4}}, depending on which filesystem you chose earlier on in the installation process when you created filesystems.}}
-==== /etc/localtime ====
-{{f|/etc/localtime}} is used to specify the timezone that your machine is in, and defaults to UTC. If you would like your Funtoo Linux system to use local time, you should replace {{f|/etc/localtime}} with a symbolic link to the timezone that you wish to use.
-{{console|body=
-(chroot) ###i## ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/MST7MDT /etc/localtime
-}}
-The above sets the timezone to Mountain Standard Time (with daylight savings). Type {{c|ls /usr/share/zoneinfo}} to list available timezones. There are also sub-directories containing timezones described by location.
-==== /etc/portage/make.conf ====
-{{c|MAKEOPTS}} can be used to define how many parallel compilations should occur when you compile a package, which can speed up compilation significantly. A rule of thumb is the number of CPUs (or CPU threads) in your system plus one. If, for example, you have a dual core processor without [[wikipedia:Hyper-threading|hyper-threading]], then you would set {{c|MAKEOPTS}} to 3:
-<pre>
-MAKEOPTS="-j3"
-</pre>
-If you are unsure about how many processors/threads you have, then use {{c|nproc}} to help you.
-{{console|body=
-(chroot) ###i## nproc
-}}
-Set {{c|MAKEOPTS}} to this number plus one:
-<pre>
-MAKEOPTS="-j17"
-</pre>
-{{c|USE}} flags define what functionality is enabled when packages are built. It is not recommended to add a lot of USE flags during installation; you should wait until you have a working, bootable system before changing your USE flags. A USE flag prefixed with a minus ("{{c|-}}") sign tells Portage not to use the flag when compiling.  A Funtoo guide to USE flags will be available in the future. For now, you can find out more information about USE flags in the [http://www.gentoo.org/doc/en/handbook/handbook-amd64.xml?part=2&chap=2 Gentoo Handbook].
-{{c|LINGUAS}} tells Portage which local language to compile the system and applications in (those who use LINGUAS variable like OpenOffice). It is not usually necessary to set this if you use English. If you want another language such as French (fr) or German (de), set LINGUAS appropriately:
-<pre>
-LINGUAS="fr"
-</pre>
-==== /etc/conf.d/hwclock ====
-If you dual-boot with Windows, you'll need to edit this file and change the value of '''clock''' from '''UTC''' to '''local''', because Windows will set your hardware clock to local time every time you boot Windows. Otherwise you normally wouldn't need to edit this file.
-{{console|body=
-(chroot) ###i## nano -w /etc/conf.d/hwclock
-}}
-==== Localization ====
-By default, Funtoo Linux is configured with Unicode (UTF-8) enabled, and for the US English locale and keyboard. If you would like to configure your system to use a non-English locale or keyboard, see [[Funtoo Linux Localization]].
-=== Introducing Portage ===
-Portage, the Funtoo Linux package manager has a command called <code>emerge</code> which is used to build and install packages from source. It also takes care of installing all of the package's dependencies. You call emerge like this:
-<console>
-(chroot) # ##i##emerge packagename
-</console>
-When you install a package by specifying its name in the command-line, Portage records its name in the <code>/var/lib/portage/world</code> file. It does so because it assumes that, since you have installed it by name, you want to consider it part of your system and want to keep the package updated in the future. This is a handy feature, since when packages are being added to the <code>world</code> set, we can update our entire system by typing:
-<console>
-(chroot) # ##i##emerge --sync
-(chroot) # ##i##emerge -auDN @world
-</console>
-This is the "official" way to update your Funtoo Linux system. Above, we first update our Portage tree using git to grab the latest ebuilds (scripts), and then run an emerge command to update the <code>world</code> set of packages. The options specified tell <code>emerge</code> to:
-* '''<code>a</code>''' - show us what will be emerged, and '''ask''' us if we want to proceed
-* '''<code>u</code>''' - '''update''' the packages we specify -- don't emerge them again if they are already emerged.
-* '''<code>D</code>''' - Consider the entire dependency tree of packages when looking for updates. In other words, do a '''deep''' update.
-* '''<code>N</code>''' - Update any packages that have changed ('''new''') USE settings.
-You should also consider passing <code>--with-bdeps=y</code> when emerging @world, at least once in a while. This will update build dependencies as well.
-Of course, sometimes we want to install a package but not add it to the <code>world</code> file. This is often done because you only want the package installed temporarily or because you know the package in question is a dependnecy of another package. If this behavior is desired, you call emerge like this:
-<console>
-(chroot) # ##i##emerge -1 packagename
-</console>
-Advanced users may be interested in the [[Emerge]] wiki page.
-==== Updating World ====
-Now is actually a very good time to update the entire system and it can be a good idea to do so prior to first boot.
-<console>
-(chroot) # ##i##emerge --sync
-(chroot) # ##i##emerge -auDN @world
-</console>
-{{fancyimportant|1=
-Make sure you read any post emerge messages and follow their instructions. This is especially true if you have upgraded perl or python.}}
-=== Kernel ===
-Starting mid-May 2015, Funtoo Linux stage3's include a pre-built {{c|debian-sources}} kernel to make installation faster and easier. To see if debian-sources is installed, type:
-{{console|body=
-(chroot) # ##i##emerge -s debian-sources
-Searching...
-[ Results for search key : ##b##debian-sources##!b## ]
-[ Applications found : ##b##1##!b## ]
-*  ##b##sys-kernel/debian-sources##!b##
-      ##g##Latest version available:##!g## 3.19.3
-      ##g##Latest version installed:##!g## 3.19.3
-      ##g##Size of files:##!g## 81,292 kB
-      ##g##Homepage:##!g##      http://www.debian.org
-      ##g##Description:##!g##   Debian Sources (and optional binary kernel)
-      ##g##License:##!g##       GPL-2
-}}
-If a version is listed under {{c|Latest version installed}}, then debian-sources is already pre-built for you and you can skip the rest of the Kernel section, and proceed to the [[#Installing a Bootloader|Installing a Bootloader section]].
-==== Building the Kernel ====
-If you need to build a kernel for Funtoo Linux, please follow these steps:
-{{Fancynote|1=
-See [[Funtoo Linux Kernels]] for a full list of kernels supported in Funtoo Linux. We recommend <code>debian-sources</code> for new users.}}
-{{fancyimportant|1=
-<code>debian-sources</code> with <code>binary</code> USE flag requires at least 14GB free in <code>/var/tmp</code> and takes around 1 hour to build on a Intel Core i7 Processor.}}
-Let's emerge our kernel:
-<console>
-(chroot) # ##i##emerge debian-sources
-</console>
-Once <code>emerge</code> completes, you'll have a brand new kernel and initramfs installed to <code>/boot</code>, plus kernel headers installed in <code>/usr/src/linux</code>, and you'll be ready to configure the boot loader to load these to boot your Funtoo Linux system.
-{{warning|If you have a RAID in your machine, the kernel installation will pull in the <code>mdadm</code> tool as a dependency. It is important to edit the <code>/etc/mdadm.conf</code> file prior to rebooting the machine so the RAID is properly recognised and set up before the kernel attempts to mount it in the tree. Failing to do so can result in an unusable or even unbootable system! For specific details, consult the mdadm man page <code>man mdadm</code> or the [[Package:Mdadm|mdadm]] ebuild page.}}
-{{fancynote|NVIDIA card users: the <code>binary</code> USE flag installs the Nouveau drivers which cannot be loaded at the same time as the proprietary drivers, and cannot be unloaded at runtime because of KMS. You need to blacklist it under <code>/etc/modprobe.d/</code>.}}
-{{fancynote|For an overview of other kernel options for Funtoo Linux, see [[Funtoo Linux Kernels]]. There may be modules that the Debian kernel doesn't include, a situation where [http://www.funtoo.org/wiki/Funtoo_Linux_Kernels#Using_Debian-Sources_with_Genkernel genkernel] would be useful. Also be sure to see [[:Category:Hardware Compatibility|hardware compatibility]] information.}}
-=== Installing a Bootloader ===
-These install instructions show you how to use GRUB to boot using BIOS (old-school) or UEFI (new-school). As of boot-update-1.7.2, now in Portage, the steps are very similar.
+{{#css:
+firstHeading {
-First, emerge <code>boot-update</code>. This will also cause <code>grub-2</code> and {{c|efibootmgr}} to be merged, since they are dependencies:
+  display: none;
-<console>
-(chroot) # ##i##emerge boot-update
-</console>
-Then, edit <code>/etc/boot.conf</code> using {{c|nano}} and specify "<code>Funtoo Linux genkernel</code>" as the <code>default</code> setting at the top of the file, replacing <code>"Funtoo Linux"</code>.
-<code>/etc/boot.conf</code> should now look like this:
-{{file|name=/etc/boot.conf|body=
-boot {
-	generate grub
-	default "Funtoo Linux genkernel"
-	timeout 3
-}
-"Funtoo Linux" {
-	kernel bzImage[-v]
-}
-"Funtoo Linux genkernel" {
-	kernel kernel[-v]
-	initrd initramfs[-v]
-	params += real_root=auto
-}
-"Funtoo Linux better-initramfs" {
-	kernel vmlinuz[-v]
-	initrd /initramfs.cpio.gz
 }
 }}
-If you are booting a custom or non-default kernel, please read <code>man boot.conf</code> for information on the various options available to you.
-==== Old School (BIOS) MBR ====
-When using "old school" BIOS booting, run the following command to install GRUB to your MBR, and generate the {{c|/boot/grub/grub.cfg}} configuration file that GRUB will use for booting:
-<console>
-(chroot) # ##i##grub-install --target=i386-pc --no-floppy /dev/sda
-(chroot) # ##i##boot-update
-</console>
-==== New School (UEFI) Boot Entry ====
-If you're using "new school" UEFI booting, run of the following sets of commands, depending on whether you are installing a 64-bit or 32-bit system. This will add GRUB as a UEFI boot entry.
-For x86-64bit systems:
-<console>
-(chroot) # ##i##grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id="Funtoo Linux [GRUB]" --recheck /dev/sda
-(chroot) # ##i##boot-update
-</console>
-For x86-32bit systems:
-<console>
-(chroot) # ##i##grub-install --target=i386-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id="Funtoo Linux [GRUB]" --recheck /dev/sda
-(chroot) # ##i##boot-update
-</console>
-==== First Boot, and in the future... ====
-OK -- you are ready to boot!
-You only need to run <code>grub-install</code> when you first install Funtoo Linux, but you need to re-run <code>boot-update</code> every time you modify your <code>/etc/boot.conf</code> file or add new kernels to your system. This will regenerate {{c|/boot/grub/grub.cfg}} so that you will have new kernels available in your GRUB boot menu, the next time you reboot.
-=== Configuring your network ===
-It's important to ensure that you will be able to connect to your local-area network after you reboot into Funtoo Linux. There are three approaches you can use for configuring your network: NetworkManager, dhcpcd, and the [[Funtoo Linux Networking]] scripts. Here's how to choose which one to use based on the type of network you want to set up.
-==== Wi-Fi ====
-For laptop/mobile systems where you will be using Wi-Fi, roaming, and connecting to various networks NetworkManager is strongly recommended.
-Since Wi-Fi cards require firmware to operate, it is also recommended that you emerge the linux-firmware ebuild:
-{{console|body=(chroot) # ##i##emerge linux-firmware networkmanager
-(chroot) ###i## rc-update add NetworkManager default
-}}
-The above command will ensure that NetworkManager starts after you boot into Funtoo Linux. Once you've completed these installation steps and have booted into Funtoo Linux, you can use the {{c|nmtui}} command (which has an easy-to-use console-based interface) to configure NetworkManager so that it will connect (and automatically reconnect, after reboot) to a Wi-Fi access point:
-{{console|body=# ##i##nmtui}}
-For more information about NetworkManager, see the [[Package:NetworkManager|NetworkManager package page]].
-{{Note|wpa_supplicant is also a good choice for wireless network connections. See the {{package|net-wireless/wpa_supplicant}} package for steps involved in setting up wpa_supplicant.}}
-==== Desktop (Wired DHCP) ====
-For a home desktop or workstation with wired Ethernet that will use DHCP, the simplest and most effective option to enable network connectivity is to simply add {{c|dhcpcd}} to the default runlevel:
-{{console|body=
-(chroot) # ##i##rc-update add dhcpcd default}}
-When you reboot, {{c|dhcpcd}} will run in the background and manage all network interfaces and use DHCP to acquire network addresses from a DHCP server.
-If your upstream DHCP server is dnsmasq, it can be configured to assign addresses via mac address to make servers on DHCP feasible.
-==== Server (Static IP) ====
-For servers, the [[Funtoo Linux Networking]] scripts are recommended. They are optimized for static configurations and things like virtual ethernet bridging for virtualization setups. See [[Funtoo Linux Networking]] for information on how to use Funtoo Linux's template-based network configuration system.
-==== Hostname ====
-By default Funtoo uses "localhost" as hostname. Although the system will work perfectly fine using this name, some ebuilds refuse to install when detecting localhost as hostname. It also may create confusion if several systems use the same hostname. Therefore, it is advised to change it to a more meaningful name. The hostname itself is arbitrary, meaning you can choose almost any combination of characters, as long as it makes sense to the system administrator. To change the hostname, edit
-{{console|body=
-(chroot) # ##i##nano /etc/conf.d/hostname
-}}
-Look for the line starting with hostname and change the entry between the quotes. Save the file, on the next boot Funtoo will use the new hostname.
-{{warning|Do not use special characters in the hostname, as the shell may interpret these, leading to unpredictable results. Use the Latin alphabet: a-z, A-Z, 0-9}}
-{{tip|Use short hostnames (up to 8 or 10 characters) to prevent the terminal screen being filled with the hostname, leaving little space for the command itself. This become particularly poignant when coding long command strings in various programming languages like Bash, Python, SQL and Perl}}
-=== Finishing Steps ===
-==== Set your root password ====
-It's imperative that you set your root password before rebooting so that you can log in.
-<console>
-(chroot) # ##i##passwd
-</console>
-===Restart your system ===
-Now is the time to leave chroot, to unmount Funtoo Linux partitions and files and to restart your computer. When you restart, the GRUB boot loader will start, load the Linux kernel and initramfs, and your system will begin booting.
-Leave the chroot, change directory to /mnt, unmount your Funtoo partitions, and reboot.
-<console>
-(chroot) # ##i##exit
-# ##i##cd /mnt
-# ##i##umount -lR funtoo
-# ##i##reboot
-</console>
-{{fancynote|System Rescue CD will gracefully unmount your new Funtoo filesystems as part of its normal shutdown sequence.}}
-You should now see your system reboot, the GRUB boot loader appear for a few seconds, and then see the Linux kernel and initramfs loading. After this, you should see Funtoo Linux itself start to boot, and you should be greeted with a <code>login:</code> prompt. Funtoo Linux has been successfully installed!
-=== Profiles ===
-Once you have rebooted into Funtoo Linux, you can further customize your system to your needs by using [[Funtoo Profiles]]. A quick introduction to profiles is included below -- consult the [[Funtoo Profiles]] page for more detailed information. There are five basic profile types: arch, build, subarch, flavors and mix-ins:
-{{TableStart}}
-{{2ColHead|Sub-Profile Type|Description}}
-{{2Col|{{c|arch}}|Typically {{c|x86-32bit}} or {{c|x86-64bit}}, this defines the processor type and support of your system. This is defined when your stage was built and should not be changed.}}
-{{2Col|{{c|build}}|Defines whether your system is a {{c|current}}, {{c|stable}} or {{c|experimental}} build. {{c|current}} systems will have newer packages unmasked than {{c|stable}} systems. This is defined when your stage is built and is typically not changed.}}
-{{2Col|{{c|subarch}}|Defines CPU optimizations for your system. The subarch is set at the time the stage3 is built, but can be changed later to better settings if necessary. Be sure to pick a setting that is compatible with your CPU.}}
-{{2Col|{{c|flavor}}|Defines the general type of system, such as {{c|server}} or {{c|desktop}}, and will set default USE flags appropriate for your needs.}}
-{{2Col|{{c|mix-ins}}|Defines various optional settings that you may be interested in enabling.}}
-{{TableEnd}}
-One arch, build and flavor must be set for each Funtoo Linux system, while mix-ins are optional and you can enable more than one if desired. Often, flavors and mix-ins inherit settings from other sub-profiles. Use {{c|epro show}} to view your current profile settings, in addition to any inheritance information:
-{{console|body=
-(chroot) # ##i## epro show
-=== ##g##Enabled Profiles##!g##: ===
-        arch: ##c## x86-64bit
-       build: ##c## current
-     subarch: ##c## intel64-haswell
-      flavor: ##c## desktop
-     mix-ins: ##c## gnome
-=== ##g##All inherited flavors from desktop flavor##!g##: ===
-                     ##c##workstation##!c## (from desktop flavor)
-                            ##c##core##!c## (from workstation flavor)
-                         ##c##minimal##!c## (from core flavor)
-=== ##g##All inherited mix-ins from desktop flavor##!g##: ===
-                               ##c##X##!c## (from workstation flavor)
-                           ##c##audio##!c## (from workstation flavor)
-                             ##c##dvd##!c## (from workstation flavor)
-                           ##c##media##!c## (from workstation flavor)
-      ##c##mediadevice-audio-consumer##!c## (from media mix-in)
-                ##c##mediadevice-base##!c## (from mediadevice-audio-consumer mix-in)
-      ##c##mediadevice-video-consumer##!c## (from media mix-in)
-                ##c##mediadevice-base##!c## (from mediadevice-video-consumer mix-in)
-        ##c##mediaformat-audio-common##!c## (from media mix-in)
-          ##c##mediaformat-gfx-common##!c## (from media mix-in)
-        ##c##mediaformat-video-common##!c## (from media mix-in)
-                  ##c##console-extras##!c## (from workstation flavor)
-                           ##c##print##!c## (from desktop flavor)
-}}
-Here are some basic examples of {{c|epro}} usage:
-{{TableStart}}
-{{2ColHead|Description|Command}}
-{{2Col|View available profiles. Enabled profiles will be highlighted in cyan. Directly enabled profiles will be in bold and have a {{c|*}} appended.|{{console|body=(chroot) # ##i##epro list}}}}
-{{2Col|Change the system flavor.|{{console|body=(chroot) # ##i##epro flavor desktop}}}}
-{{2Col|Add a mix-in.|{{console|body=(chroot) # ##i##epro mix-in +gnome}}}}
-{{TableEnd}}
-===Next Steps===
-If you are brand new to Funtoo Linux and Gentoo Linux, please check out [[Funtoo Linux First Steps]], which will help get you acquainted with your new system. We also have a category for our [[:Category:Official Documentation|official documentation]], which includes all docs that we officially maintain for installation and operation of Funtoo Linux.
-We also have a number of pages dedicated to setting up your system. See [[:Category:First Steps|First Steps]] for a list of these pages.
-If your system did not boot correctly, see [[Installation Troubleshooting]] for steps you can take to resolve the problem.
-[[Category:HOWTO]]
-[[Category:Install]]
-[[Category:Official Documentation]]

Difference between revisions of "Install/zh-cn"

Latest revision as of 04:07, November 21, 2021

Introduction

安装概述

Download LiveCD

接入网络

远程安装

Prepare Disk

但首先......

MBR Partitioning

传统（BIOS/MBR）方法

GPT Partitioning

UEFI/GPT 方法

Creating Filesystems

根目录文件系统

Additional Filesystems

Mounting Filesystems

Setting the Date

Download and Extract Stage3

What Subarch?

Which Image?

下载 Stage3

验证下载的压缩包

Chroot into Funtoo

Download Portage Tree

Configuration Files

使用 Nano

配置文件

/etc/localtime

/etc/conf.d/hwclock

Introducing Portage

Prepare Disk

固件

Bootloader

How Booting Works

Label partitions

/etc/fstab

boot.conf

nomodeset

rootwait

Intel Microcode

GRUB Install: Old School (BIOS) MBR

GRUB Install: New School (UEFI) Boot Entry

Ego!

Post reboot UEFI troubleshooting

First Boot, and in the future...

Network

Wi-Fi

桌面（有线 DHCP 连接）

服务器（静态 IP）

Hostname

Finishing Up

设置根用户密码

创建常规用户

安装熵发生器

重启系统

Profiles

Graphics Settings

Funtoo Graphics Mix-Ins

All Done!

Navigation menu

Search