Building a Kernel from Source

Setting up a proper kernel yourself - lean, mean and tailored to your hardware, is the challenge by which a linux user can graduate to becoming a Funtoo knight ;-)

Even though many of us are using enterprise-ready kernels in datacenters, there is almost nobody who hasn't at least considered building a kernel for his laptop / PC. We are showing here how an intermediate Linux user can use an alternative to the standard beginners "genkernel" approach, to compile a custom kernel, in a relatively speedy and easy set up.

Minimum Requirements

• Understand the command line
• Know where the kernel files are located

Assumptions

You start from an installed Funtoo system on the disk, or at least, you are on stage3 in a chrooted environment from a live cd, following somehow the Funto Installation Tutorial.

Less advanced version

Emerging the kernel sources

To begin, we have to figure out which kernel sources we will use. If you are unsure about which sources are available and what their benefits and drawbacks are, check out the Kernels page.

After you have made a decsion as to which kernel you want to install, emerge it:

root # emerge vanilla-sources 

Portage will now go about installing the sources to /usr/src. It will also symlink the kernel-version directory to a directory called linux.

Configuring the kernel

Now that the kernel sources are on your system, you should configure them. To do this, change your directory to /usr/src/linux

root # cd /usr/src/linux

As we are now in the kernel sources directory, we can run a script that allows us to modify them. Run:

root # make menuconfig

While you edit the sources, keep the following in mind:

• To build something into your kernel, press y when you have it selected.
• To exclude something from your kernel, press n when you have it selected.
• To build something as a module, press m.

Things that you may need to include in your kernel:

• Wireless/LAN drivers
• Support for your graphics card
• Support for your audio card
• Support for USB devices

   Note

Many pages on the wiki will tell you the kernel requirements for the application that they are about. Keep your eyes open for the blue background, white text sections of pages. Like on this one:  uvesafb

Building and installing the kernel sources

After you finish configuring your kernel sources, you will need to build them. To build your sources, run the following:

root # make

   Tip

You can add -j<number of processing cores + 1> after make to build the kernel more quickly.

When the kernel and its modules finish building, install them:

root # make install modules_install

Now that you have installed your kernel and modules, it is a good idea to install an initramfs. If your system has a separate /usr partition, is encrypted, or uses some other non-standard configuration, it will probably not boot without an initramfs. See Initramfs.

Advanced version

Getting ready to start

   Note

In this case we are building a kernel that is booting root in LVM over encrypted LUKS container.

If you don't have this setup, don't worry, you just don't need all the modules, but everything else is similar.

First, there is the decision which linux kernel sources we need. There are plenty of them in the repositories around, often it is not easy to distinguish between them.

I would always trust my distribution of choice and take what is has to offer - and funtoo has a lot to offer!

I really do recommend (especially if it is your first time) to build a debian-sourced genkernel like described in chapter 5 "Using Debian-Sources with Genkernel" in the Funtoo Kernels Tutorial.

From there you should have a running system booting nicely from your own build (just little bit bloated) kernel. This is more than you can expect from any other ready to go distribution.

   Note

We are using RedHat's dracut in order to build a nice initramfs (containing all the necessary tools and extra drivers our kernel might need to start the system). Although dracut is the way to go, more sophisticated and not as buggy as gentoo's genkernel approach, more and more funtoo geeks start using slashbeast's better-initramfs, which we will cover at the end of this howto! So after having set up a genkernel from debian or gentoo sources we are going to build a kernel with either (or both) dracut or/and better-initramfs. So gentoo sources with genkernel is always my backup if anything is not working correctly on my system. For the slightly more geeky approach with my own initram I am using pf-sources, ck-sources or any other more or less heavily patched sources.

Let's go!

Kernel Sources

The source you use on your system is up to you. For a laptop or desktop system, the following are recommended:

• No results
• No results
• No results
• No results
• No results
• sys-kernel/debian-sources

   Note

If you are unsure of which sources you would like to use, emerge gentoo-sources. That's always a safe bet for a general system. For more information on available kernels, check out: Funtoo Linux Kernels

Prerequisites

Regardless of the tools you already have installed, it is recommended to follow the steps below, even if you find them to be redundant. First, we edit our /etc/portage/make.conf:

#These compiler flags are just tweaking (optimazation) and NOT necessary:
CFLAGS="-O2 -pipe -march=native -ftracer -fforce-addr"
CXXFLAGS="${CFLAGS} -fpermissive -fomit-frame-pointer"
KDIR=/usr/src/linux
KERNEL="symlink build"
USE="$KERNEL ....here are your use flags...."
## These modules are available:
## DRACUT_MODULES="dracut_modules_biosdevname dracut_modules_btrfs dracut_modules_caps dracut_modules_crypt dracut_modules_crypt-gpg dracut_modules_dmraid dracut_modules_dmsquash-live dracut_modules_gensplash dracut_modules_iscsi dracut_modules_livenet dracut_modules_lvm dracut_modules_mdraid dracut_modules_multipath dracut_modules_nbd dracut_modules_nfs dracut_modules_plymouth dracut_modules_ssh-client dracut_modules_syslog"
## We will use these modules for LVM / LUKS:
DRACUT_MODULES="crypt lvm plymouth biosdevname dmraid crypt-gpg dmsquash-live ssh-client syslog"

Next, we set the package keywords by adding the following to /etc/portage/package.use:

sys-kernel/dracut dm net device-mapper crypt lvm

   Note

If you don't have lvm over encrypted LUKS you just add the "net" keyword here, or "selinux".

Next, we build our packages:

root # emerge -av app-portage/gentoolkit sys-kernel/pf-sources sys-kernel/dracut sys-boot/plymouth sys-boot/plymouth-openrc-plugin

Preparing the kernel

We go now to the sources directory and enter the following commands to update the kernel's .config file:

root # cd /usr/src/linux/
root # make clean
  CLEAN   .
  CLEAN   arch/x86/kernel/acpi/realmode
  CLEAN   arch/x86/kernel/cpu
  CLEAN   arch/x86/kernel
  CLEAN   arch/x86/vdso
  CLEAN   arch/x86/lib
  CLEAN   drivers/gpu/drm/radeon
  CLEAN   drivers/net/wan
  CLEAN   drivers/scsi/aic7xxx
  CLEAN   drivers/tty/vt
  CLEAN   drivers/video/logo
  CLEAN   firmware
  CLEAN   kernel
  CLEAN   lib/raid6
  CLEAN   lib
  CLEAN   security/apparmor
  CLEAN   security/selinux
  CLEAN   usr
  CLEAN   arch/x86/boot/compressed
  CLEAN   arch/x86/boot
  CLEAN   .tmp_versions
  CLEAN   vmlinux System.map .tmp_kallsyms2.S .tmp_kallsyms1.o .tmp_kallsyms2.o .tmp_kallsyms1.S .tmp_vmlinux1 .tmp_vmlinux2 .tmp_System.map
root # zcat /proc/config.gz > /usr/src/linux/.config

Next, we run make localmodconfig. You will get some questions which you can answer mostly with either M (compiled as a module) or Y (compiled directly into the kernel). If you are not sure what to choose, press enter, and the default option will be selected.

root # make localmodconfig
Enable different security models (SECURITY) [Y/n/?] y
Enable the securityfs filesystem (SECURITYFS) [Y/?] y
Socket and Networking Security Hooks (SECURITY_NETWORK) [Y/?] y
Security hooks for pathname based access control (SECURITY_PATH) [Y/?] y
Low address space for LSM to protect from user allocation (LSM_MMAP_MIN_ADDR) [65536] 65536
NSA SELinux Support (SECURITY_SELINUX) [Y/n/?] y
  NSA SELinux boot parameter (SECURITY_SELINUX_BOOTPARAM) [N/y/?] n
  NSA SELinux runtime disable (SECURITY_SELINUX_DISABLE) [N/y/?] n
  NSA SELinux Development Support (SECURITY_SELINUX_DEVELOP) [Y/n/?] y
  NSA SELinux AVC Statistics (SECURITY_SELINUX_AVC_STATS) [Y/n/?] y
  NSA SELinux checkreqprot default value (SECURITY_SELINUX_CHECKREQPROT_VALUE) [1] 1
  NSA SELinux maximum supported policy format version (SECURITY_SELINUX_POLICYDB_VERSION_MAX) [Y/n/?] y
    NSA SELinux maximum supported policy format version value (SECURITY_SELINUX_POLICYDB_VERSION_MAX_VALUE) [19] 19
TOMOYO Linux Support (SECURITY_TOMOYO) [Y/n/?] y
  Default maximal count for learning mode (SECURITY_TOMOYO_MAX_ACCEPT_ENTRY) [2048] 2048
  Default maximal count for audit log (SECURITY_TOMOYO_MAX_AUDIT_LOG) [1024] 1024
  Activate without calling userspace policy loader. (SECURITY_TOMOYO_OMIT_USERSPACE_LOADER) [Y/n/?] y
AppArmor support (SECURITY_APPARMOR) [Y/n/?] y
  AppArmor boot parameter default value (SECURITY_APPARMOR_BOOTPARAM_VALUE) [1] 1
Integrity Measurement Architecture(IMA) (IMA) [Y/n/?] y
EVM support (EVM) [N/y/?] (NEW)
Default security module
  1. SELinux (DEFAULT_SECURITY_SELINUX)
  2. TOMOYO (DEFAULT_SECURITY_TOMOYO)
  3. AppArmor (DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR)
> 4. Unix Discretionary Access Controls (DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC)
choice[1-4?]: 4
warning: (ACPI_HOTPLUG_CPU) selects ACPI_CONTAINER which has unmet direct dependencies (ACPI && EXPERIMENTAL)
warning: (MEDIA_TUNER) selects MEDIA_TUNER_TEA5761 which has unmet direct dependencies (MEDIA_SUPPORT && VIDEO_MEDIA && I2C && EXPERIMENTAL)
root #
root # configuration written to .config
root #
warning: (GFS2_FS) selects DLM which has unmet direct dependencies (EXPERIMENTAL && INET && SYSFS && CONFIGFS_FS && (IPV6 || IPV6=n))
warning: (IMA) selects TCG_TPM which has unmet direct dependencies (HAS_IOMEM && EXPERIMENTAL)
warning: (MEDIA_TUNER) selects MEDIA_TUNER_TEA5761 which has unmet direct dependencies (MEDIA_SUPPORT && VIDEO_MEDIA && I2C && EXPERIMENTAL)
warning: (ACPI_HOTPLUG_CPU) selects ACPI_CONTAINER which has unmet direct dependencies (ACPI && EXPERIMENTAL)

Now comes the most adventurous part!

Building the Kernel

root # make -j8  bzImage
root # make -j8 modules
root # make modules_install
root # make install

Initramfs

   Warning

Make sure that you have built and installed your kernel sources / modules before building an initramfs.

Initramfs, or not?

The reason to build a kernel with an initramfs is mostly for interoperability (e.g. live-cd's) and special features like an included busybox, ssh, etc. But mostly, and that's why we are doing this here now, to have a proper kernel up and running quick'n dirty in a reasonable time without fighting hours and days until a more or less exotic hardware is perfectly run by the kernel. After having a proper basic kernel running with the help of an initramfs, I really recommend you to go a step further and build a true kernel with all features includes without an initramfs. But this could be pain in the butt and very time consuming - so we do it the funtoo way here - at least in the second example when we stick to better-initramfs instead of Red-Hat's dracut.

Option two: using better-initramfs

Piotr's better-initramfs is another approach to building an initramfs. It is quick, nice and shiny, and is popular among funtoo'ers. The biggest plus is that, once built it is kernel version independent. Follow the instructions below to get better-initramfs up and running.

Downloading better-initramfs

root # cd /opt
root # git clone git://github.com/slashbeast/better-initramfs.git
root # cd better-initramfs

Above, we have moved to the /opt directory, which is often used for optional software on Linux systems. Next, we get a copy of better-initramfs from github.com. Finally, we change to the better-initramfs directory so that we can build it in the next step.

Build better-initramfs

root # bootstrap/bootstrap-all
root # make prepare image
root # cp output/initramfs.cpio.gz /boot

In this step, we first run the bootstrap-all command to build all of the applications and libraries required for better-initramfs. Then, we make an initramfs image using make prepare image. Lastly, we move the newly created initramfs to /boot.

Adjust boot.conf

Now that we have the initramfs and kernel sources, we can edit /etc/boot.conf to tell GRUB about our initramfs and kernel. The configuration below is for a system that is encrypted and uses lvm. If your system is not configured like this, take a look at this page: better-initramfs configuration options.

   /etc/boot.conf

boot {
        generate grub
        default "Funtoo Linux"
        timeout 3
}

"Funtoo Linux" {
        kernel vmlinuz[-v]
        initrd /initramfs.cpio.gz
        params += enc_root=/dev/sda3 lvm luks root=/dev/mapper/vg-root rootfstype=ext4 quiet
}

"Funtoo Linux dracut" {
        kernel vmlinuz[-v]
## this is the dracut generated initrd
        initrd initramfs[-v].img
        params  = quiet rootfstype=ext4
        params += luks enc_root=/dev/sda3
        params += lvm root=/dev/mapper/vg-root
}


"Funtoo Linux genkernel" {
        kernel kernel-genkernel[-v]
        initrd initramfs-genkernel[-v]
        params = quiet rootfstype=ext4
        params += luks enc_root=/dev/sda3
        params += lvm root=/dev/mapper/vg-root
}

Okay,... here you go..! :)

update the grub.cfg with boot update, then reboot and see how it works!

root # boot-update -v     

 boot-update 1.5.2 / Copyright 2009-2011 Funtoo Technologies

 [use option "-l" for license info, "-h" for help]

 * Generating config for grub...

 DEFAULT > Funtoo Linux better-initramfs - vmlinuz-3.2.6-pf
           Funtoo Linux dracut - vmlinuz-3.2.6-pf
           Funtoo Linux genkernel - kernel-genkernel-x86_64-3.2.6-ck

 * Completed successfully.
root # reboot

Option one: Initrd with dracut

To build the initrd with dracut, we just execute:

root # dracut -f --fstab --xz /boot/initramfs-3.2.6-pf.img  3.2.6-pf

Generally, this should be enough! If you experience booting problems like missing modules / drivers then just boot from the genkernel section and fix the initrd building. You can look into the man page to tweak the command a bit (e.g. --add-drivers "xz dm_crypt" etc...).

Ok let's go on and finish the taks, we are now going to tell grub how to boot off correctly! Edit /etc/boot.conf:

boot {
        generate grub
        default "Funtoo Linux dracut"
        timeout 3
}

"Funtoo Linux genkernel" {
        kernel kernel-genkernel[-v]
        initrd initramfs-genkernel[-v]
        params = quiet rootfstype=ext4
        params += luks enc_root=/dev/sda3
        params += lvm root=/dev/mapper/vg-root
}

"Funtoo Linux dracut" {
        kernel vmlinuz[-v]
## this is the better-initramfs generated initrd
        initrd initramfs[-v].img
        params  = quiet rootfstype=ext4
        params += luks enc_root=/dev/sda3
        params += lvm root=/dev/mapper/vg-root
}

That's it -- almost!

Now write to the grub.cfg with the handy Boot-Update script:

root # boot-update -v

 boot-update 1.5.2 / Copyright 2009-2011 Funtoo Technologies

 [use option "-l" for license info, "-h" for help]

 * Generating config for grub...

 DEFAULT > Funtoo Linux - vmlinuz-3.2.6-pf
           Funtoo Linux genkernel - kernel-genkernel-x86_64-3.2.6-pf

 * Completed successfully.

Okay,... here you go..! :)

Reboot and see how it works!