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== Overview of Kernels ==
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=== {{Package|sys-kernel/vanilla-sources}} ===
Esta Seção dará a você um overview dos kernels usados no Funtoo.
Alguns pontos de interesse:


Isso vai instalar os fontes do kernel Linux "vanilla" (não modificado). A versão atual recomendada é a 3.x. Funtoo Linux que tem suporte totalmente ao Linux 3.x. As vantagens desse kernel incluem melhoramentos recentes ao [[Linux Containers]], uma pilha de rede atual (networking stack) com muitas correções de bug, e alta confiabilidade para desktops e servidores. O lado negativo é que esse kernel deve ser configurado manualmente pelo usuário e não possui built-in ''<code>genkernel</code>'' suporte via a flag USE ''<code>binary</code>'' desta vez.
*Muitos dos kernels do Funtoo Linux suportam a USE flag  {{c|[[#Binary USE|binary]]}}, descrita abaixo.
*O Funtoo Linux oferece kernels de qualidade de outras Distribuições Linux, como {{c|debian-sources}}.
*Usuários avançados podem querer dar uma olhada em  [[Additional Kernel Resources]].


=== {{Package|sys-kernel/gentoo-sources}} ===
==Overview dos Kernels==


Esse kernel tree é baseado nos kernels stable do [https://www.kernel.org/ kernel.org] com genpatches aplicados [http://dev.gentoo.org/~mpagano/genpatches/about.htm genpatches].
=== {{Package|sys-kernel/debian-sources-lts}} ===
o Gentoo patchset visa ter suporte à toda variedade de arquiteturas suportadas pelo Gentoo. A lista de genpatched kernels disponíveis: [http://dev.gentoo.org/~mpagano/genpatches/kernels.htm genpatches-kernels]


=== {{Package|sys-kernel/openvz-rhel6-stable}} ===
Este é o kernel do Debian, a edição estável de longo prazo e o kernel padrão para o Funtoo Linux. '''Esses ebuilds agora suportam a USE flag {{c|binary}}.'''
 
Esse é um kernel baseado no RHEL6 com suporte a OpenVZ. Esse é agora o kernel preferido para desenvolvimento de produção OpenVZ (production OpenVZ deployments). Ele requer gcc-4.4.5 para ser construído, que vai usará automaticamente sem que o usuário precise utilizar ''<code>gcc-config</code>''. Utilizamos essa versão de gcc desde que essa é a versão de gcc utilizada pela Red Hat para construir esse kernel.


=== {{Package|sys-kernel/debian-sources}} ===
=== {{Package|sys-kernel/debian-sources}} ===


Esse é o kernel do Debian. '''Esses ebuilds agora possuem suporte a flag USE ''<code>binary</code>''.''' Daniel adicionou comando especial <tt>config-extract</tt> que pode ser utilizado para listar todas as configurações disponíveis do kernel oficial do Debian, e gerá-las a partir dos arquivos do Debian inclusos com o kernel. Esse kernel tem suporte opcional a [[OpenVZ]], mas é bem melhor utilizar o <tt>openvz-rhel6-stable</tt> se quiser um instalação OpenVZ com qualidade de produção (production-quality OpenVZ). Para mais informações sobre como utilizar <tt>debian-sources</tt> e <tt>config-extract</tt>, veja [[#Using Debian-Sources with Genkernel|Utilizando debian-sources com o Genkernel]] abaixo.
Esta é uma versão mais atualizada do kernel Debian, mas menos adequada para sistemas de servidor.


== Binary USE ==
== Binary USE ==


Many of the kernel ebuilds in Funtoo Linux support the very useful <code>binary</code> USE flag. By enabling this USE flag and emerging the kernel, the ebuild will automatically build a binary kernel image, initramfs and kernel modules and install them to <code>/boot</code>. The binary kernel image and initramfs can be used to boot your Funtoo Linux system without requiring any additional configuration. This is a great way to get a Funtoo Linux system up and running quickly. Here's how to do it:
Muitos dos ebuilds de kernel no Funtoo Linux suportam a muito útil USE flag {{c|binary}}. Ao ativar essa USE flag e emergir o kernel, o ebuild criará automaticamente uma imagem binária do kernel, initramfs e módulos do kernel e os instalará em {{c|/boot}}. A imagem binária do kernel e o initramfs podem ser usados para inicializar o sistema Funtoo Linux sem exigir nenhuma configuração adicional. Essa é uma ótima maneira de ter o Funtoo Linux em funcionamento rapidamente. Veja como fazê-lo:


<console>
{{console|body=
###i## echo "sys-kernel/openvz-rhel6-stable binary" >> /etc/portage/package.use
###i## echo "sys-kernel/debian-sources binary" >> /etc/portage/package.use
###i## emerge openvz-rhel6-stable
###i## emerge debian-sources
###i## nano -w /etc/boot.conf
###i## nano -w /etc/boot.conf
###i## boot-update
###i## ego boot update
</console>
 
More information can be found in the [[Funtoo Linux Installation]] Guide.
== Funtoo Linux Genkernel ==
 
Funtoo Linux contains a forked/enhanced version of genkernel with the following new capabilities:
 
* genkernel can use a build directory that is separate from the kernel source directory. This is enabled using the new <tt>--build-dst</tt> option.
* <code>--build-src</code> is a new option that is equivalent to the <tt>--kerneldir</tt> option.
* <code>--fullname</code> can be used to specify the entire name of the kernel and initramfs images -- everything after <tt>kernel-</tt> and <tt>initramfs-</tt>.
* <code>--firmware-src</code> - a new option that works identically to <tt>--firmware-dir</tt>.
* <code>--firmware-dst</code> - a new capability - you can now define where genkernel installs firmware.
* Genkernel uses Funtoo Linux <code>lvm2</code> rather than building its own.
* Some compile fixes.
== Kernel Features and Stability Overview ==
 
{{Fancywarning|'''SPARC64''': All kernels beyond 3.9 series and before 3.14-rc8 are subject to a [http://www.spinics.net/lists/sparclinux/msg11805.html bug] that stalls the kernel on sun4v machines '''only'''. Those latter are machines provided with UltraSPARC T1 and later CPUs (e.g. SunFire T1000, SunFire T2000, SunFire T52x0/T54x0 series...), all sun4u machines (UltraSPARC IV and prior CPUs) are not subject to this problem and any kernel version is functional. }}
 
{| {{table}}
!Kernel Name
!Version
!USE flags
!Stability
!Extra Features
!Req'd udev
!Notes
|-
|<tt>{{Package|sys-kernel/vanilla-sources}}</tt>
|3.17.0
|N/A
|'''Excellent''' - recommended for desktops and servers.
|N/A
|Any
|Recommended for modern networking stack, hardware and [[Linux Containers]] support. This kernel must be manually configured by the user. New Features: [http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.12 kernelnewbies.org/linux_3.12]  New Drivers: [http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.12-DriversArch kernelnewbies/Linux_3.12-DriversArch]
|-
|<tt>{{Package|sys-kernel/gentoo-sources}}</tt>
|3.17.0
|N/A
|'''Excellent''' - recommended for desktops and workstations
|N/A
|Any
|Recommended for modern networking stack, hardware and [[Linux Containers]] support. This kernel must be manually configured by the user. New Features: [http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.12 kernelnewbies.org/linux_3.12]  New Drivers: [http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.12-DriversArch kernelnewbies/Linux_3.12-DriversArch]
|-
|<tt>{{Package|sys-kernel/openvz-rhel6-stable}}</tt>
|2.6.32.042.092.2
|<tt>binary</tt>
|'''Excellent''' - recommended for production servers
|N/A
|Any
|This kernel is built with gcc-4.4.5. <tt>emerge broadcom-netxtreme2</tt> for reliable BCM5709+ support (integrated NIC)
 
|-
|<tt>{{Package|sys-kernel/debian-sources}}</tt>
|3.16.2, 3.16.7, 3.19.3
|<tt>openvz</tt>
|''Good'' - default kernel recommended by Funtoo
|OpenVZ (optional)
|Any
|See [[#Using debian-sources with Genkernel]], below.
|-
|}
== Using Debian-Sources with Genkernel ==
 
{{fancyimportant|Debian-sources is now fully compatible with the ''binary'' USE flag and recommended for desktop users. The below example is valid for manual installation. At least 12G of ''/var/tmp'' required to build }}
 
This section describes how to build a binary kernel with ''<code>debian-sources</code>'' and ''<code>genkernel</code>'', and it also explains how to use Funtoo Linux's ''<code>config-extract</code>'' tool to list and create official Debian kernel configurations.
 
=== First step: emerging the required packages ===
 
The first step is to emerge:
 
# The Debian sources
# Genkernel itself
 
This is achieved by running the following:
 
<console>
###i## emerge -av sys-kernel/debian-sources sys-kernel/genkernel
</console>
 
Once the Debian kernel sources are deployed, you should find a directory named '''linux-debian-''version''''' (e.g. linux-debian-2.6.32.30) under '''<code>/usr/src</code>'''. Update your the '''<code>linux</code>''' symlink to point on this directory:
<console>
###i## cd /usr/src
###i## rm linux
###i## ln -s linux-debian-2.6.32.30 linux
</console>
 
Alternatively, emerge the debian-sources with the ''<code>symlink</code>'' USE flag.
 
=== Second step: Grabbing a configuration file ===
 
If is now time to download the kernel configuration file. For this tutorial we will use a configuration file for AMD64 (several others architectures like MIPS or SPARC64 are available.)  To view a complete list of available kernel configurations, type <code>./config-extract -l</code> '''in the Debian kernel source directory''':
 
<pre>
ninja1 linux-debian-2.6.32.30 # ./config-extract -l
 
====== standard featureset ======
 
      alpha: alpha-generic, alpha-legacy, alpha-smp
      amd64
      armel: iop32x, ixp4xx, kirkwood, orion5x, versatile
        hppa: parisc, parisc-smp, parisc64, parisc64-smp
        i386: 486, 686, 686-bigmem, amd64
        ia64: itanium, mckinley
        m68k: amiga, atari, bvme6000, mac, mvme147, mvme16x
        mips: 4kc-malta, 5kc-malta, r4k-ip22, r5k-ip32, sb1-bcm91250a, sb1a-bcm91480b
      mipsel: 4kc-malta, 5kc-malta, r5k-cobalt, sb1-bcm91250a, sb1a-bcm91480b
    powerpc: powerpc, powerpc-smp, powerpc64
        s390: s390x, s390x-tape
        sh4: sh7751r, sh7785lcr
      sparc: sparc64, sparc64-smp
    sparc64: sparc64, sparc64-smp
 
====== vserver featureset ======
 
      amd64
        i386: 686, 686-bigmem
        ia64: itanium, mckinley
    powerpc: powerpc, powerpc64
        s390
      sparc
    sparc64
 
====== xen featureset ======
 
      amd64
        i386
 
====== openvz featureset ======
 
      amd64
        i386
</pre>
 
Type <tt>config-extract -h</tt> for extended usage information:
 
<pre>
ninja1 linux-debian-2.6.32.30 # ./config-extract -h
This work is free software.
 
Copyright 2011 Funtoo Technologies. You can redistribute and/or modify it under
the terms of the GNU General Public License version 3 as published by the Free
Software Foundation. Alternatively you may (at your option) use any other
license that has been publicly approved for use with this program by Funtoo
Technologies (or its successors, if any.)
 
usage: config-extract [options] arch [featureset] [subarch]
 
  -h  --help        print this usage and exit
  -l  --list        list all available kernel configurations
  -o  --outfile    specify kernel config outfile --
                    defaults to .config in current directory
  [featureset]      defaults to "none" if not specified
  [subarch]        defaults to the only one available; otherwise required
 
This program was written by Daniel Robbins for Funtoo Linux, for the purpose of
easily and conveniently extracting Debian kernel configurations. To see a nice
list of all available kernel configurations, use the --list option.
 
Debian's kernel configs are specified internally in arch_featureset_flavor
format, such as: "amd64_openvz_amd64". The featureset typically describes an
optional kernel configuration such as "xen" or "openvz", while the flavor in
Debian terminology typically refers to the sub-architecture of the CPU.
 
When using this command, you must specify an arch. A featureset of "none" is
assumed unless you specify one, and by default this program will pick the only
available subarch if there is only one to choose from. If not, you will need to
pick one (and the program will remind you to do this.)
 
The kernel configuration will be written to ".config" in the current directory,
or the location you specified using the -o/--outfile option.
</pre>
 
Let's use <tt>config-extract</tt> to create a kernel configuration for an amd64 system:
 
<console>
# ##i##cd linux
# ##i##./config-extract amd64
Wrote amd64_none_amd64 kernel configuration to /usr/src/linux-debian-2.6.32.30/.config.
</console>
 
<tt>config-extract</tt> also allows you to extract special Debian featuresets, such as settings for Xen and [[OpenVZ]] kernels:
 
<console>
# ##i##./config-extract amd64 openvz
Wrote amd64_openvz_amd64 kernel configuration to /usr/src/linux-debian-2.6.32.30/.config.
</console>
 
'''It is necessary to name the kernel configuration file something other than ".config" to avoid errors with genkernel.'''
 
 
After using <tt>config-extract</tt>, run <tt>make oldconfig</tt> and accept all default options by hitting Enter at all prompts.
 
 
{{fancynote|if you are using the XFS file system as your root partition: Run <tt>make menuconfig</tt> and ensure that "File Systems --> XFS filesystem support" and "Library Routines --> CRC32c (Castagnoli, et al) Cyclic Redundancy-Check" are both set to * (and not [m]).}}
This is needed to ensure that your system can boot up correctly for kernel versions >= 3.10.11.
 
=== Third step: Building and installing the kernel ===
 
This is simply achieved by:
 
<console>
# ##i##genkernel --kernel-config=config-2.6.32-5-amd64 all
</console>
 
* --kernel-config: use the given configfile. If you only give a filename here, it is searched for in your current working dir. You can also use a relative or an absolute path leading to your configfile here (for example: "--kernel-config=/usr/src/linux/configfile").
* all: rebuild the kernel image and the initramfs ramdisk image (aside of kernel modules, the ramdisk image contains tools such as BusyBox and some generic startup scripts, depending on options you use on the command line several additional tools like lvm or raid volume management can be incorporated as well).
 
{{ fancyimportant|Unless explicitly stated via ''--no-clean'' or ''--no-mrproper'', Genkernel will do a '''make mrproper''' in the kernel source tree, thus cleaning a previous build '''and removing the previous kernel configuration file''' in it.
}}
}}


If you use Genkernel to rebuild a Linux kernel on SPARC64, remember to either:
Mais informações podem ser encontradas em Guia de [[Instalação do Funtoo Linux]].
* Set '''sparc64-unknown-linux-gnu-''' in ''General setup --> Cross-compiler tool prefix''
* Put '''--kernel-cross-compile=sparc64-unknown-linux-gnu-''' on the Genkernel command line
 
Once the kernel has been compiled and the ram disk has been generated, the kernel image plus its companion files (initramfs image and System.map) are placed in the /boot directory. You can use your favourite tool to update your bootloader configuration files.


[[Category:Internals]]
[[Category:Recursos do Funtoo]]
[[Category:Funtoo features]]
[[Category:Kernel]]
[[Category:Kernel]]
[[Category:Official Documentation]]
[[Category:Documentação Oficial]]

Latest revision as of 05:45, July 11, 2020

Other languages:
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   {{{title}}}
{{{body}}}

Esta Seção dará a você um overview dos kernels usados no Funtoo. Alguns pontos de interesse:

  • Muitos dos kernels do Funtoo Linux suportam a USE flag binary, descrita abaixo.
  • O Funtoo Linux oferece kernels de qualidade de outras Distribuições Linux, como debian-sources.
  • Usuários avançados podem querer dar uma olhada em Additional Kernel Resources.

Overview dos Kernels

No results

Este é o kernel do Debian, a edição estável de longo prazo e o kernel padrão para o Funtoo Linux. Esses ebuilds agora suportam a USE flag binary.

sys-kernel/debian-sources

Esta é uma versão mais atualizada do kernel Debian, mas menos adequada para sistemas de servidor.

Binary USE

Muitos dos ebuilds de kernel no Funtoo Linux suportam a muito útil USE flag binary. Ao ativar essa USE flag e emergir o kernel, o ebuild criará automaticamente uma imagem binária do kernel, initramfs e módulos do kernel e os instalará em /boot. A imagem binária do kernel e o initramfs podem ser usados para inicializar o sistema Funtoo Linux sem exigir nenhuma configuração adicional. Essa é uma ótima maneira de ter o Funtoo Linux em funcionamento rapidamente. Veja como fazê-lo: 

root # echo "sys-kernel/debian-sources binary" >> /etc/portage/package.use
root # emerge debian-sources
root # nano -w /etc/boot.conf
root # ego boot update

Mais informações podem ser encontradas em Guia de Instalação do Funtoo Linux.

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